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. 2019 Jul 2;42(5):1741–1753. doi: 10.1007/s10753-019-01035-9

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway or overexpression of Beclin1 suppress reinfection of Streptococcus pneumoniae after influenza virus infection. a Determination of mRNA expression of Beclin1 by RT-qPCR. b, c Determination of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway-related proteins in mice by western blot analysis, *p < 0.05 vs. the DMSO + SP group, #p < 0.05 vs. the DMSO + Flu + SP group. d Measurement of Streptococcus pneumoniae in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice. e Measurement of MPO activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice. f Observation of pathological changes of lung tissue in mice by HE staining (× 400). g–i ELISA used to determine the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice. *p < 0.05 vs. the NC group or the DMSO group in d–i. The measurement data were expressed in the form of mean ± standard deviation, and the comparison between two groups was analyzed by the nonpaired t test. The experiment was repeated 3 times. N = 10. SP, Streptococcus pneumoniae; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction; NC, negative control; MPO, myeloperoxidase; HE, hematoxylin and eosin; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide.