. 2017 Nov 20;30(3):1833–1858. doi: 10.1007/s10811-017-1338-5

Table 5.

Characteristics of lectins from red algae

Red algae	Purification method/s	Characteristics							Reference(s)
Red algae	Purification method/s	Molecular weight/subunits	pI	pH optima	Temperature optima	Carbohydrate content	EDTA/divalent ion requirement	Amino acids	Reference(s)
Agardhiella tenera	Sephadex gel filtration	Monomer, 13 kDa	6.10	4–10	50 °C	2.7%	N.R.	Gly, Ser, Thr rich	Shiomi et al. (1979)
Aglaothamnion callophyllidicola	Fetuin-agarose affinity chromatography	Dimer, 50 and 14 kDa	–	–	–	–	–	–	Shim et al. (2012)
Acrocystis nana ^a	–	–	–	6–7	30 °C	–	Ca²⁺ and Mn²⁺	–	Anam et al. (2017a)
Bryothamnion seaforthii	DEAE-cellulose chromatography	Monomer, 4.5 kDa	–	–	90 °C	3.2%	N.R.	–	Ainouz et al. (1995)
B. triquetrum	DEAE-cellulose chromatography	Monomer, 3.5 kDa	–	–	90 °C	3.8%	N.R.	–	Ainouz et al. (1995)
Carpopeltis flabellata	Sephadex gel filtration	–	–	7–9	30 °C	–	N.R.	–	Hori et al. (1986a)
C. flabellata	Yeast mannan-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography, gel permeation HPLC	Monomer, 25 kDa	6.60–6.80	7–10	30 °C	–	N.R.	Gly, Asx rich	Hori et al. (1987, 1990)
Cystoclonium purpureum	Gel filtration, DEAE Sephadex column chromatography	Dimer, 6.2 kDa	5.60	4–10	50 °C	5.6%	N.R.	Gly, Ser rich	Kamiya et al. (1980)
Enantiocladia duperreyi	DEAE-Cellulose, α-lactose-agarose affinity chromatography	Monomer, 16 kDa	–	–	50 °C	6.5%	Ca²⁺ and Mn²⁺	–	Benevides et al. (1998)
Eucheuma amakusaensis	Superdex gel filtration, DEAE-Toyopearl ion exchange	Monomer, 29 kDa	(4.95,5.20,5.50)^b	–	–	Nil	–	Glx, Asx, Gly, Ser rich	Kawakubo et al. (1999)
E. cottonii	Superdex gel filtration, DEAE-Toyopearl ion exchange	Monomer, 29 kDa	(5.05,5.10)^b	–	–	Nil	–	Glx, Asx, Gly, Ser rich	Kawakubo et al. (1999)
E. serra	Superdex gel filtration, DEAE-Toyopearl ion exchange	Monomer, 29 kDa	(4.75,4.95)^b	2.5–10.5	60 °C	Nil	N.R.	–	Kawakubo et al. (1997)
Georgiella confluens	DEAE-Sephacel ion exchange, affinity chromatography	Monomer, 21.5 kDa	–	–	80 °C	–	N.R.	–	Souza et al. (2010)
Gracilaria bursa-pastoris	Sephadex gel filtration	–	–	7	30–40 °C	–	N.R.	–	Hori et al. (1986a)
G. cornea	Phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B hydrophobic chromatography, affinity chromatography	Monomer, 60 kDa	4.30	–	40 °C	52.5%	N.R.	–	Lima et al. (2005)
G. ornata	DEAE-cellulose ion exchange, mucin-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography	Monomer, 17 kDa	5.40	–	50 °C	2.9%	N.R.	Asx, Glx, Ser, Glu, Ala, Cys rich	Leite et al. (2005)
G. fisheri ^a	–	–	–	–	50 °C	–	Mn²⁺	–	Boonsri et al. (2017)
G. tikvahiae	DEAE-trisacryl ion exchange chromatography, sephadex gel filtration and hydroxylapatite chromatography	Dimer, 29.7 and 24.9 kDa	–	–	–	–	N.R.	–	Chiles and Bird (1990)
G. verrucosa	DEAE-cellulose chromatography, sephadex chromatography	Tetramer, 2 subunits, 12 and 10.5 kDa	4.80	4–12	40 °C	–	N.R.	Asp, Glu rich	Shiomi et al. (1981)
G. verrucosa ^c	DEAE-Toyopearl ion exchange, gel filtration	76 to 359 kDa, diffused band	–	5–10	100 °C	6.2^e	N.R.	–	Kakita et al. (1997)
G. verrucosa ^d	DEAE-Toyopearl ion exchange, gel filtration	71 kDa, diffused band	–	5–10	100 °C	6.2^e	N.R.	–	Kakita et al. (1999)
Griffithsia sp.	Hydrophobic chromatography, anion exchange chromatography, reversed-phase chromatography, and size exclusion chromatography	Monomer, 13 kDa	–	–	–	–	–	–	Mori et al. (2005)
Hypnea cervicornis	DEAE-Sephacel ion exchange, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography	Monomer, 9 kDa	–	–	–	–	–	Gly, Cys rich	Nascimento et al. (2006)
H. japonica ^a	–	–	–	3–9	50–90 °C	–	N.R.	–	Hori et al. (1986a)
H. japonica	Reversed-phase and gel permeation high-performance liquid chromatography	(Monomer, 4.2 kDa, dimer, 4.2 kDa, dimer, 4.2 kDa, monomer, 12 kDa)^f	4.30	–	–	–	N.R.	Ser, Gly rich	Hori et al. (1986b, 1990)
H. japonica	Toyopearl gel filtration, reverse phase HPLC	Monomer, 8.5–9.5 kDa	–	–	–	–	–	Ser, Gly, Pro rich, 4 Cys residues	Hori et al. (2000)
H. musciformis	DEAE-Cellulose ion exchange chromatography, RP-HPLC	Monomer, 9.3 kDa	–	–	–	–	–	–	Nagano et al. (2002)
Kappaphycus alvarezii	Ion exchange chromatography	Monomer, 28 kD	–	3–10	50 °C	–	N.R.	–	Le et al. (2009)
K. striatum	Ion exchange chromatography	Monomer, 28 kDa	–	3–10	60 °C	–	N.R.	–	Hung et al. (2011)
Palmaria palmata	DEAE-Sephacel ion exchange, sephadex gel filtration, hydroxyapatite chromatography	Dimer, 20 kDa	4.60	6–10	60 °C	–	N.R.	Ser, Gly, Asp rich	Kamiya et al. (1982)
Pterocladiella capillacea	Guar gum affinity chromatography	Monomer, 5.8 kDa	–	7–10	60 °C	Nil	N.R.	–	Oliveira et al. (2002)
Ptilota filicina	Affinity chromatography	Trimer, 19.3 kDa	–	4–9	50 °C	–	Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺ or Mn²⁺	Thr, Asp, Gly rich	Sampaio et al. (1998)
P. plumosa	Affinity chromatography	Trimer, 17.4 kD	–	–	–	–	–	Ala, Gly, Val rich	Sampaio et al. (2002)
P. serrata	Affinity chromatography	Trimer, 18.3 kDa	–	6–8	80 °C	–	Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ or Mn²⁺	Ala, Val, Leu, Glu rich	Sampaio et al. (1999)
Serraticardia maxima	Sephacryl gel filtration	Monomer, 25 kDa	–	5–9	–	–	N.R.	–	Shiomi et al. (1980)
Solieria chordalis	Affinity adsorption	Monomer, 35 kDa	–	–	–	–	–	–	Rogers and Topliss (1983)
S. filiformis	DEAE-Sephacel ion exchange	28 kDa	–	–	–	–	–	–	Chaves et al. (2017)
S. robusta	Gel filtration, ion exchange HPLC	Monomer, 29 kDa	(4.30, 4.20, 4.10)^b	6–10	40 °C	–	N.R.	Gly, Asx, Glx rich	Hori et al. (1988a, 1990)
Tichocarpus crinitus	Phenyl-Sepharose hydrophobic chromatography, Superdex gel filtration	Monomer, 41 kD	4.93	7–8	50 °C	6.9%	N.R.	Asp, Glu, Ser, Thr, Pro, Ala rich	Molchanova et al. (2010)
Vidalia obtusiloba	DEAE-cellulose ion exchange, guar gum affinity chromatography	Dimer, 59.6 and 15.2 kDa	4.00–5.00	–	50 °C	43.2%	Ca²⁺ or Mn²⁺	Glu, Asp, Leu rich	Melo et al. (2004)

NR not required

^aCharacteristics of crude extract

^bpI of different isolectins

^cHigh molecular weight Gracilaria verrucosa haemagglutinin (H-GVH)

^dLow molecular weight Gracilaria verrucosa haemagglutinin (L-GVH)

^e6.2 mg hexose in 9 mg lectin

^fMolecular weight of hypnins A, B, C and D