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Carbon quantum dots formation from fennel seeds by pyrolysis. a Fennel seeds, b ground fennel powder, c pyrolysis of fennel powder, d sonication of carbon quantum dots, e centrifugation of carbon quantum dots, f dialysis of carbon quantum dots, g carbon quantum dots under ultraviolet, and h transmission electron micrograph image of carbon quantum dots. Reprinted with permission from Dager et al. (2019)
