Table 3.
Univariate and multivariate analysis of baseline features of patients with and without viral respiratory tract infection
| Characteristics | CAP (n = 62) | CAP + VRTI (n = 29) | p value | Multivariate logistic regression analysis | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| adjOR (95% CI) | p value | ||||
| Age, years, Mean ± SD | 63.8 ± 20.3 | 69.7 ± 21.3 | 0.21 | ||
| Sex n (%) | |||||
| Male | 31 (50) | 14 (48.3) | 1.0 | ||
| Female | 31 (50) | 15 (51.7) | |||
| Ethnic origin, n (%) | |||||
| Caucasian | 59 (95.2) | 27 (93.1) | 0.65 | ||
| Not-Caucasian | 3 (4.8) | 2 (6.9) | |||
| Season at admission, n (%) | |||||
| Spring–Summer | 14 (22.6) | 2 (6.9) | 0.65 | ||
| Autumn–Winter | 48 (77.4) | 27 (93.1) | |||
| Smokers, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 34 (54.8) | 13 (44.8) | 0.36 | ||
| No | 25 40.3) | 15 (51.7) | |||
| Missing | 3 (4.8) | 1 (3.4) | |||
| Alcohol consumer, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 11 (17.7) | 4 (13.8) | 0.77 | ||
| No | 47 (75.8) | 25 (86.2) | |||
| Missing | 4 (6.5) | 0 (0) | |||
| Influenza vaccination, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 11 (17.7) | 5 (17.2) | 1.0 | ||
| No | 36 (58.1) | 18 (62.1) | |||
| Missing | 15 (24.2) | 6 (20.7) | |||
| S. pneumoniae vaccination n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 1 (1.6) | 1 (3.4) | 1.0 | ||
| No | 48 (77.4) | 23 (79.3) | |||
| Missing | 13 (21.0) | 5 (17.2) | |||
| ≥ 2 comorbidities, n (%) | 45 (49.5) | 23 (33.8) | 0.61 | ||
| Respiratory disease | 12 (19.4) | 8 (27.6) | 0.42 | ||
| Cardiovascular disease | 30 (48.4) | 15 (51.7) | 0.82 | ||
| Diabetes | 7 (11.3) | 4 (13.8) | 0.74 | ||
| Kidney disease | 11 (17.7) | 3 (10.3) | 0.54 | ||
| Liver disease | 7 (11.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.09 | ||
| HIV infection | 5 (8.1) | 1 (3.4) | 0.66 | ||
| Onco-haematological disease | 8 (12.9) | 8 (27.6) | 0.14 | ||
| Immunosuppressive therapy | 4 (6.5) | 4 (13.8) | 0.26 | ||
| Rheumatologic disease | 3 (4.8) | 3 (10.3) | 0.38 | ||
| Admission mode, n (%) | |||||
| By Emergency Department | 49 (53.8) | 24 (26.4) | 0.78 | ||
| Others (sent by general practitioner, specialist doctor or emergency medical service) | 13 (14.3) | 5 (5.5) | |||
| CURB-65 ≥ 3, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 10 (16.1) | 3 (10.3) | 0.54 | ||
| No | 52 (83.9) | 26 (89.7) | |||
| PSI ≥ 91, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 27 (43.5) | 20 (69.0) | 0.027 | 2.69 [1.02–7.11] | 0.046 |
| No | 35 (56.5) | 9 (31.0) | |||
| Bacteraemia, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 5 (8.1) | 1 (3.4) | 0.66 | ||
| No | 46 (74.1) | 24 (82.8) | |||
| Missing | 11 (17.7) | 4 (13.8) | |||
| Radiological pattern, n (%) | |||||
| Alveolar | 45 (72.6) | 21 (72.4) | 0.57 | ||
| Interstitial | 4 (6.6) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Cavitary | 1 (1.6) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Alveolar-interstitial | 9 (14.5) | 6 (20.7) | |||
| Other | 3 (4.8) | 2 (6.9) | |||
| Pleural effusion, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 12 (19.4) | 6 (20.7) | 1.0 | ||
| No | 50 (80.6) | 23 (79.3) | |||
| Air bronchogram, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 3 (4.8) | 3 (10.3) | 0.38 | ||
| No | 59 (95.2) | 26 (89.7) | |||
| Time between onset of symptoms and hospital admission, days | |||||
| Mean ± SD | 4.6 ± 6.0 | 3.4 ± 3.9 | 0.32 | ||
| Pre-admission antibiotic therapy, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 22 (35.5) | 2 (6.9) | 0.004 | 0.14 [0.03–0.67] | 0.014 |
| No | 40 (64.5) | 27 (93.1) | |||
| In-hospital antibiotic therapy, days | |||||
| Mean ± SD | 12.3 ± 4.9 | 11.3 ± 4.0 | 0.34 | ||
Adj OR, adjusted odds ratio; CAP, community-acquired pneumonia; CI, confidence interval; ICU, intensive care unit; PSI, pneumonia severity index; SD, standard deviation; VRTI, viral respiratory tract infection