Table 2.
Phytoconstituents reported from Rheum australe
| Phytochemical class | Corresponding phytoconstituents | Detection methods | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anthraquinones | Aloe-emodin; 6-methyl-aloe-emodin; 6-methyl-aloe-emodin-triacetate; chrysophanol; chrysophanol 1-O-glucoside; chrysophanol 8-O-glucoside; 8-O-β-d-(6′-O-acetyl) glucopyranosyl-chrysophanol; chrysophanol 8-O-(6′-O-galloyl)-glucoside; chrysophanol-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside; emodin; emodin-O-glucoside; emodin 8-O-glucoside; emodin-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside; emodin 8-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-6-O-sulfate; emodin 8-O-(6′-O-malonyl)-glucoside; emodin 8-O-(2′,3′,4′,6′-tetra acetyl)-glucoside; physcion; physcion-1-O-β-d-glucopyranoside; physcion-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside; rhein; 6-methyl-rhein; 6-methyl-rhein-diacetate; torachrysone-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside | TLC, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, EI-MS, FAB-MS, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, HSQC-TOCSY, NOE, HR-ESI-MS, HPLC, UPLC, HPLC/ESI-MSn, ODS | Agarwal et al. (2000), Babu et al. (2003, 2004), Krenn et al. (2003, 2004), Singh et al. (2005), Liu et al. (2007), Ye et al. (2007), Wang et al. (2010), Lu et al. (2011), Seo et al. (2012), Mishra et al. (2014), Arvindekar et al. (2015) and Mishra (2016) |
| Anthrones | 10-Hydroxycascaroside D; 10R-chrysaloin 1-O-β-d-glucopyranoside; anthrone C-glucosides; 10R-chrysaloin 1-O-β-d-glucopyranoside; cascaroside C; cascaroside D; cassialoin | TLC, HPLC, IR, 1H NMR, ESI-MS, FAB-MS, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, HSQC-TOCSY, NOE, HR-ESI-MS | Pradhan et al. (2002) and Krenn et al. (2004) |
| Asarone | β-Asarone | UV, IR, 1H NMR, EI-MS | Babu et al. (2003) |
| Carbohydrate | Sucrose | 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS | Wang et al. (2010) |
| Chromones | Noreugenin | TLC, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, EI-MS | Babu et al. (2004) |
| Ethers | Revandchinone-3; revandchinone-4 | UV, IR, 1H NMR, FAB-MS | Babu et al. (2003) |
| Esters | Revandchinone-1; revandchinone-2 | UV, IR, 1H NMR, EI-MS, FAB-MS | Babu et al. (2003) |
| Inorganic elements | Aluminum (Al); bromine (Br); calcium (Ca); carbon (C); chlorine (Cl); cobalt (Co); copper (Cu); iron (Fe); lithium (Li); magnesium (Mg); manganese (Mn); oxygen (O); phosphorus (P); potassium (K); silicon (Si); sodium (Na); sulfur (S); thallium (Tl); titanium (Ti); zinc (Zn) | EDX–SEM, FP, AAS | Hameed et al. (2008), Singh et al. (2010) and Haq and Ullah (2011) |
| Lignan | Daucosterol | ODS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS | Liu et al. (2007) and Wang et al. (2010) |
| Phenolics | (+)-Taxifolin; β-resorcylic acid; d-catechin; carpusin; epicatechin; daidzein; eugenol; flavonol; gallic acid; kaempferol; maesopsin; myricetin; puerarin; quercetin; rutin | HPLC, ODS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, ESI-MS, FAB-MS, COSY, HSQC, HSQC-TOCSY, HMBC | Stafford (1990), Krenn et al. (2003), Liu et al. (2007) and Singh et al. (2013) |
| Sterol | β-Sitosterol | ODS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS | Liu et al. (2007) and Wang et al. (2010) |
| Stilbenes | Desoxyrhaponticin; desoxyrhapontigenin; piceatannol; piceatannol-3′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside; piceatannol-4-O-β-d-glucopyranoside; piceatannol-4′-O-β-d-(6″-O-galloyl)-glucopyranoside; piceatannol-4′-O-β-d-(6″-O-p-coumaroyl)-glucopyranoside; resveratrol; rhapontigenin; rheumaustralin | UV, TLC, HPLC, PTLC, IR, MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 2D-NMR, ODS, EI-MS, ESI-MS, HR-ESI-MS | Babu et al. (2004), Liu et al. (2007), Wang et al. (2010), Chai et al. (2012) and Hu et al. (2014) |
TLC thin-layer chromatography, IR infrared spectroscopy, 1H NMR proton nuclear magnetic resonance, 13C NMR carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance, EI-MS electron ionization-mass spectrometry, FAB-MS fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry, COSY correlation spectroscopy, HSQC heteronuclear single quantum correlation, HMBC heteronuclear multiple bond coherence, HSQC-TOCSY heteronuclear single quantum correlation–total correlation spectroscopy, NOE nuclear overhauser effect, HR-ESI-MS high-resolution electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography, UPLC ultra-performance liquid chromatography, HPLC/ESI-MS high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, 2D-NMR two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, ODS octadecyl silane, ESI-MS electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, UV ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry, PTLC preparative thin-layer chromatography, MS mass spectrometry, EDX–SEM energy depressive X-rays spectrometer–scanning electron microscopy, FP flame photometer, AAS atomic absorption spectroscopy