| Diabetic Nephropathy |
| BMP2 |
Renal BMP2 expression was
increased in db/db mice. |
(57) |
| Upregulation of Id-1 via
BMP-2 receptors induces reactive oxygen species in human glomerular
podocytes. |
(52) |
| BMP2 antagonizes
renal interstitial
fibrosis by promoting catabolism of TGFβ receptors. |
(58) |
| BMP4 |
Renal BMP4
expression increased
in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic nephropathy (Sprague–Dawley
rats). |
(62) |
| BMP4–Smad1–smooth
muscle actin (SMA) signal transduction pathway modulates phenotypic
changes in mesangial cells. |
(64) |
| BMP4-overexpressing
mice
exhibited mesangial matrix expansion and decreased numbers of podocytes
in STZ-induced mice |
(61) |
| Activation
of BMP4 signaling
leads to glomerulosclerosis that mimics diabetic nephropathy. |
(63) |
| BMP6 |
BMP6 administration
reduced
pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in human proximal tubular epithelial
cells. |
(71) |
| Loss of endogenous BMP6
increased renal fibrosis in BMP6 knockout mice. |
(72) |
| BMP7 |
Renal BMP7
expression was
reduced in STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy (Sprague–Dawley
rats). |
(46) |
| Exogenous administration
of connective tissue groeth factor (CTGF) rescues BMP7 signal transduction
in STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy (C57Bl/6J). |
(50) |
| BMP7 treatment inhibits
tubular inflammation and tubulointerstitial fibrosis in STZ-induced
CD1 mice. |
(44) |
| Exogenous administration
of BMP7 delays onset of glomerulosclerosis and renal hypertrophy in
STZ-induced Sprague–Dawley rats. |
(49) |
| BMP-7 enhances SnoN mRNA
expression in renal tubular epithelial cells under high-glucose conditions. |
(53) |
| Diabetic Cardiomyopathy |
| BMP2 |
Plasma BMP2 levels are increased
in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. |
(75) |
| Cardiac BMP2 and Smad 1/5 protein expression is reduced in high-fat-diet-induced
type 2 diabetic C57Bl/6J mice. |
(78) |
| BMP4 |
Cardiac BMP4
and Smad 1/5/8 protein expression is
increased in STZ-induced
ApoE knockout mice. |
(81) |
| BMP4
administration in mouse
peritoneal macrophages increases uptake of low-density lipoproteins. |
(81) |
| BMP7 |
Recombinant
BMP7 reduced
left ventricular fibrosis in a C57Bl/6J mouse model of pressure-overload. |
(84) |
| BMP7 administration is anti-inflammatory
and blunts interstitial cardiac fibrosis in STZ-induced diabetic cardiomyopathy
(C57Bl/6J mice). |
(85) |
| Diabetic Retinopathy |
| BMP2 |
Hypoxia and vascular endothelial
growth factor (VEGF) upregulates BMP2 mRNA and protein expression
in microvascular endothelial cells. |
(97) |
| Increase in BMP2 protein
expression in human retinal endothelial cells cultured with high glucose. |
(98) |
| Retinal BMP2 levels were
increased in a mouse model of STZ-induced diabetic retinopathy. |
(99) |
| ICAM-1 and VEGF protein
expression was increased in retinal cells treated with BMP2. |
(99) |
| Retinal BMP2 acts as an
inflammatory cytokine to encourage leukocyte adhesion and increase
IL-6 and IL-8. |
(100) |
| BMP4 |
Retinal BMP4 protein expression
increased in retinal pigmental epithelial cells exposed to high glucose. |
(102) |
| BMP4 treatment inhibited
EMT via Smad2/3 signaling pathway in
retinal pigmental epithelial cells. |
(105) |
| BMP9 |
BMP9 signaling
prevents
hyperglycaemia-induced vascular permeability in endothelial cells
and in STZ-induced diabetic mice. |
(112) |
| Activation of BMP9 signaling
inhibited neovascularization and reduced vascular lesions in a mouse
model of oxygen-induced retinopathy. |
(113) |
