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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Exp Neurol. 2020 Feb 3;327:113220. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113220

Figure 6: tcVNS using biphasic square waves reduces both muscle and vagus activation thresholds.

Figure 6:

a) Schematic diagrams of the two waveform shapes. b) Square waves of equal duration (0.5 ms per phase) produce muscle activation at a significantly lower stimulation intensity threshold than 5 kHz sine waves. c) Similarly, square waves produce vagus nerve activation at a significantly lower stimulation intensity threshold. d) Due to the similar effect on both muscle and nerve thresholds, the ratio of the vagus nerve and muscle activation threshold was unchanged. ** denotes a difference between groups with p<0.01. *** denotes a difference between groups with p<0.001.