Table 5.

Logistic Regression Models Evaluating the Association Between Single Autoantibody Positivity at Stage 3 Type 1 Diabetes With Participant Characteristics by Age at Progression

	<18 Years of Age (n = 595; 59 had single Ab+ at stage 3)		≥18 Years of Age (n = 191; 60 had single Ab+ at stage 3)
Covariate	OR	P Value	OR	P Value
Age	1.028	0.44	1.045	0.006
Age at Ab+ screening	0.995	0.88	1.037	0.022
Single Ab+ at screening	21.44	<0.0001	12.93	<0.0001
mIAA positive	0.27	<0.0001	0.06	0.006
GADA positive	0.29	<0.0001	0.72	0.57
IA-2A positive	0.05	<0.0001	0.03	<0.0001
Male (vs female)	1.28	0.37	0.90	0.74
Non-white or multiracial (vs white)	0.78	0.55	1.60	0.37
Hispanic (vs non-Hispanic)	0.94	0.90	1.51	0.46
BMI percentile	0.995	0.24	1.02	0.013
Overweight/obese (vs lean)	0.40	0.015	1.87	0.052
Overweight (vs lean)	0.17	0.017	1.36	0.48
Obese (vs lean)	0.65	0.30	2.37	0.022
Fasting glucose	1.001	0.76	1.0007	0.88
Fasting C-peptide	1.06	0.72	1.27	0.031
Mean AUC glucose	1.0008	0.75	0.987	0.005
Mean AUC C-peptide	1.11	0.15	1.16	0.005
2-hour glucose	1.0009	0.56	0.99	0.001
2-hour C-peptide	1.09	0.07	1.12	0.004
Early C-peptide response	1.12	0.29	1.23	0.041
Index60	0.94	0.61	0.67	0.0007
HOMA-IR	1.023	0.003	0.996	0.64

Abbreviations: Ab+, islet autoantibody positive; AUC, area under the curve; BMI, body mass index; GADA, glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; IA-2A, insulinoma-associated antigen 2; mIAA, microinsulin antibody assay; OR, odd ratio.

All variables are at diagnosis of stage 3 type 1 diabetes except if otherwise noted. Bolded P values reflect those that were significant after a Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate adjustment for multiple comparisons. Glucose was expressed in mg/dL and C-peptide in ng/mL.