. 2020 Feb 8;30(1):1–24. doi: 10.1007/s11065-020-09426-8

Table 3.

Longitudinal prospective study investigating the relationship between bilingualism and MCI.

	Study characteristics	Effect size
Wilson et al., 2015	964 (76.8%), 78.7 (7.4), 14.6 (3.2)	Self-report NINCDS–ADRDA MCI	During a mean of 5.8 years (SD = 3.5) of annual follow-up evaluations, 396 individuals (41.1%) developed MCI	Higher levels (>4 years) of foreign language instruction: HR = 0.687, 95% CI: 0.482, 0.961

Study characteristics

Effect size

Study

N (% female); mean age (SD), Ed, MMSE/3MS

Language measure, dementia diagnosis and type

% with dementia ML/BL % no dementia ML/BL

RR, OR, HR

Wilson et al., 2015

964 (76.8%), 78.7 (7.4), 14.6 (3.2)

Self-report

NINCDS–ADRDA

MCI

During a mean of 5.8 years (SD = 3.5) of annual follow-up evaluations, 396 individuals (41.1%) developed MCI

Higher levels (>4 years) of foreign language instruction: HR = 0.687, 95% CI: 0.482, 0.961

SD: Standard Deviation; Ed: Education; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; 3MS: Modified Mini-Mental State Examination; ML: Monolinguals; BL: Bilinguals; RR: Relative Risk; OR: Odds Ratios; HR: Hazard Ratios; NINCDS–ADRDA: (Alzheimer Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Centers) National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association; MCI: Mild Cognitive Impairment