Table 1.
Selected characteristics of the weighted sample.
| United States, NHANES 2005-2016 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men (n = 7,472; nw = 5.05 x 107) |
Women (n = 7,824; nw = 5.63 x 107) |
|||
| No depression (n = 7,053; nw = 4.81 x 107) |
Depression (n = 419; nw = 2.39 x 106) |
No depression (n = 7,070; nw = 5.19 x 107) |
Depression (n = 754; nw = 4.45 x 106) |
|
|
Categorical variables Percent, (95% CI) |
||||
| High blood pressure, yes | 43.7 (41.9-45.6) | 54.3 (47.1-61.2) | 44.2 (42.5-45.9) | 58.4 (53.7-63.0) |
| High cholesterol level, yes | 49.6 (48.0-51.3) | 53.6 (46.3-60.7) | 45.0 (43.5-46.5) | 55.3 (50.7-59.8) |
| Diabetes, yes | 14.7 (13.5-15.9) | 18.7 (15.0-23.2) | 11.8 (10.9-12.9) | 23.5 (19.9-27.6) |
| History of chest pain, yes | 26.1 (24.7-27.6) | 52.0 (44.5-59.5) | 24.2 (23.0-25.5) | 48.6 (43.9-53.4) |
| Cerebral stroke, yes | 3.7 (3.2-4.4) | 9.6 (6.5-14.1) | 3.7 (3.2-4.3) | 8.8 (6.4-11.9) |
| Monthly income (≥ $2,900) | 68.6 (61.1-76.7) | 40.2 (22.1-72.1) | 59.5 (57.3-61.5) | 38.0 (33.2-42.9) |
| Living with partner, yes | 76.9 (75.1-78.6) | 54.4 (47.8-60.9) | 63.5 (44.5-62.0) | 44.5 (40.3-48.8) |
| Education level, bachelor's degree | 63.4 (60.9-65.8) | 41.1 (34.7-47.9) | 63.6 (61.3-65.7) | 48.7 (43.6-53.8) |
|
Continuous variables Mean, (95% CI) |
||||
| Age (year) | 57.4 (57.0-57.8) | 56.2 (55.0-57.4) | 58.3 (57.9-58.7) | 55.8 (54.7-56.8) |
| Dietary energy intake (kcal/day) | 2429.7 (2396.3-2463.1) | 2342.4 (2201.9-2482.9) | 1766.6 (1744.7-1788.4) | 1698.3 (1634.1-1762.5) |
| Energy intake from carbohydrates (%) | 47.7 (47.4-48.1) | 48.7 (47.0-50.3) | 48.5 (48.1-49.0) | 51.6 (50.3-52.8) |
| Energy intake from proteins (%) | 15.9 (15.7-16.0) | 14.8 (14.3-15.4)† | 15.9 (15.7-16.0) | 14.5 (14.0-15.1)† |
| Energy intake from fats (%) | 34.6 (34.3-34.9) | 33.7 (32.5-34.9) | 34.6 (34.3-35.0) | 33.7 (32.7-34.8) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.4 (29.2-29.6) | 29.5 (28.7-30.4) | 29.4 (29.2-29.7) | 32.9 (32.1-33.6)† |
| PHQ-9 total score | 1.7 (1.6-1.8) | 13.5 (13.1-13.9)† | 2.3 (2.2-2.4) | 13.6 (13.3-13.9)† |
| South Korea, K-NHANES 2014 and 2016 | ||||
|
Men (n = 3,090; nw = 1.07 x 107) |
Women (n = 4,852; nw = 1.39 x 107) |
|||
|
No depression (n = 2,975; nw = 1.04 x 107) |
Depression (n = 115; nw = 3.66 x 105) |
No depression (n = 4,469; nw = 1.28x 107) |
Depression (n = 383; nw = 1.06 x 106) |
|
|
Categorical variables Percent, (95% CI) |
||||
| High blood pressure, yes | 24.5 (22.7-26.3) | 36.4 (26.4-47.7) | 20.3 (18.9-21.8) | 31.3 (26.3-36.7) |
| High cholesterol level, yes | 14.6 (13.2-16.1) | 13.2 (7.8-21.6) | 15.7 (14.5-17.0) | 24.7 (20.0-30.0) |
| Diabetes, yes | 10.0 (8.9-11.2) | 23.1 (14.8-34.2) | 7.2 (6.4-8.2) | 15.9 (12.1-20.7) |
| History of chest pain, yes | 3.0 (2.5-3.6) | 5.9 (2.9-11.8) | 1.7 (1.4-2.2) | 7.8 (5.2-11.5) |
| Cerebral stroke, yes | 2.2 (1.7-2.8) | 9.8 (5.1-18.1) | 1.3 (1.0-1.7) | 4.9 (3.2-7.5) |
| Monthly income (> 25% percentile) | 27.0 (24.6-29.5) | 16.6 (10.1-26.0) | 27.0 (12.4-25.8) | 12.4 (8.9-17.2) |
| Living with partner, yes | 93.8 (92.6-94.8) | 78.7 (69.0-85.9) | 83.6 (82.1-84.9) | 61.9 (56.4-67.1) |
| Education level, bachelor's degree | 48.3 (45.5-51.1) | 35.0 (23.8-48.0) | 35.1 (33.0-37.2) | 20.7 (16.2-26.0) |
|
Continuous variables Mean, (95% CI) |
||||
| Age (year) | 52.4 (51.7-53.0) | 52.7 (49.3-56.1) | 51.3 (50.7-52.0) | 55.3 (53.3-57.3) |
| Dietary energy intake (kcal/day) | 2395.7 (2353.9-2437.5) | 2388.4 (2157.7-2619.1) | 1714.7 (1689.2-1740.1) | 1545.2 (1462.4-1628.0) |
| Energy intake from carbohydrates (%) | 60.6 (60.0-61.2) | 59.0 (55.9-62.1) | 65.5 (65.0-66.0) | 68.5 (67.0-70.1) |
| Energy intake from proteins (%) | 13.9 (13.8-14.1) | 13.0 (11.7-14.3) | 13.9 (13.8-14.1) | 13.2 (12.8-13.6) |
| Energy intake from fats (%) | 18.5 (18.2-18.9) | 17.0 (15.4-18.7) | 18.8 (18.5-19.2) | 16.7 (15.6-17.8) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.5 (24.4-24.6) | 23.7 (23.0-24.4) | 23.6 (23.4-23.7) | 24.0 (23.6-24.5) |
| PHQ-9 total score | 1.5 (1.5-1.6) | 13.5 (12.7-14.2)† | 2.2 (2.2-2.3) | 14.1 (13.6-14.5)† |
BMI, body mass index; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire; CI, Confidence Interval; n, unweighted number of samples; nw, weighted number of samples.
†p < 0.001.
All categorical variables were significantly different between depression and non-depression.