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. 2020 Mar 18;13:93–106. doi: 10.2147/MDER.S247751

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© 2020 Cantarella et al.

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Determination of reference planes and axes on the maxilla. (A) Skeletal landmarks utilized: point on oral aspect of midpalatal suture at the level of second premolars (MS5) and second molars (MS7), most posterior point of vomer (VP), most lateral point of the zygomatic process of the maxilla on the right (ZR) and left side (LZ). (B) Midsagittal plane (MP), in blue, passing through MS5, MS7, and VP. (C) Horizontal palatal plane (HPP), in light blue, perpendicular to MP and passing through MS5 and MS7. (D) Center of Maxilla (CM) point, defined by the intersection of the projection of the bizygomatic line (ZR’-ZL’) to HPP and posterior part of midpalatal suture (MS5-MS7 line). (E) CM point as the origin of the x, y, z coordinate system of the maxilla.