Characteristic	Intervention	Control 1	Control 2	Control 3
Hospital characteristics
Number of IP discharges	9,168	19,757	4,662	5,054
Number of ED visits	47,939	46,429	15,926	26,299
Patient characteristics
Age, mean (SD), y	52.5 (27.4)	33.1 (28.2)	60.7 (18.5)	45.8 (29.3)
Gender, % female	55.8	68.4	43.8	60.3
Race
White	54.2	34.3	62.1	33.2
Black	13.4	22.7	9.4	15.0
Asian	15.0	16.0	16.0	18.8
Other	17.5	27.0	12.5	33.0
Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic	75.9	71.8	86.2	62.7
Mexican	6.8	4.1	1.7	3.5
Other Hispanic origin	15.6	19.9	8.9	33.0
English as primary language, %	87.2	79.8	85.1	68.0
Length of stay, mean (SD), days	4.6 (5.9)	4.0 (6.7)	8.7 (13.5)	8.1 (47.9)
Payor, %
Medicare	34.7	15.5	37.8	27.9
Medi-Cal	9.6	16.5	5.4	17.7
DRG weight, mean (SD)	1.68 (1.86)	1.13 (1.11)	1.72 (1.42)	1.23 (1.06)
APR-DRG severity of illness category, %
0	0	0	0.2	0.3
1	23.4	41.0	20.0	31.4
2	31.0	33.2	34.8	35.7
3	31.6	20.8	33.3	24.2
4	13.9	4.9	11.6	8.4
Not entered	0	0	0.1	0.1
Total	100	100	100	100
No. medications on admission, mean (SD)	8.9 (8.4)	4.6 (6.4)	8.0 (7.0)	6.3 (6.9)
No. medications at discharge, mean (SD)	7.7 (6.8)	4.6 (5.7)	6.9 (6.5)	5.1 (6.1)
Patient class profile, %
Inpatient	88.5	69.6	89.7	71.5
Newborn	11.5	30.4	0	17.6
SNF inpatient	0	0	10.3	10.9
Total	100	100	100	100

Abbreviations: APR-DRG, All Patient Refined DRG (3M Company, St. Paul, MN); DRG, diagnosis related group; ED, emergency department; IP, inpatient; SNF, skilled nursing facility.