Table 2.
Baseline characteristics
| Total sample |
Country-specific data |
p value | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cuba | Dominican Republic | Peru | Venezuela | Mexico | Puerto Rico | China | ||||
| Cohort characteristics | ||||||||||
| Sample size at baseline | 15 016 | 2944 | 2011 | 1933 | 1965 | 2003 | 1998 | 2162 | .. | |
| Dementia at baseline | 1429/15 016 (9·5%) | 323/2944 (11·0%) | 242/2011 (12·0%) | 166/1933 (8·6%) | 145/1965 (7·4%) | 180/2003 (9·0%) | 233/1998 (11·7%) | 140/2162 (6·5%) | .. | |
| Missing follow-up status | 2444/15 016 (16·3%) | 321/2944 (10·9%) | 328/2011 (16·3%) | 444/1933 (23·0%) | 467/1965 (23·8%) | 302/2003 (15·1%) | 392/1998 (19·6%) | 190/2162 (8·8%) | .. | |
| Sample used for analysis | 11 143/15 016 (74·2%) | 2300/2944 (78·1%) | 1441/2011 (71·7%) | 1323/1933 (68·4%) | 1353/1965 (68·9%) | 1521/2003 (75·9%) | 1373/1998 (68·7%) | 1832/2162 (84·7%) | .. | |
| Follow-up status | ||||||||||
| Mean follow-up time, years | 3·8 (1·2) | 4·0 (1·3) | 4·3 (1·5) | 3·0 (0·8) | 3·9 (1·1) | 2·8 (0·6) | 4·0 (1·2) | 4·4 (1·2) | <0·0001 | |
| Dementia at follow-up | 1069/11 143 (9·6%) | 182/2300 (7·9%) | 165/1441 (11·5%) | 77/1323 (5·8%) | 155/1353 (11·5%) | 130/1521 (8·5%) | 153/1373 (11·1%) | 207/1832 (11·3%) | <0·0001 | |
| Deceased at follow-up | 1709/11 143 (15·3%) | 437/2300 (19·0%) | 323/1441 (22·4%) | 101/1323 (7·6%) | 141/1353 (10·4%) | 157/1521 (10·3%) | 170/1373 (12·4%) | 380/1832 (20·7%) | <0·0001 | |
| Demographic characteristics at baseline* | ||||||||||
| Sex | <0·0001 | |||||||||
| Female | 6973/11 137 (62·6%) | 1480/2300 (64·4%) | 948/1439 (65·9%) | 791/1323 (59·8%) | 849/1353 (62·7%) | 963/1521 (63·3%) | 923/1369 (67·4%) | 1019/1832 (55·6%) | .. | |
| Male | 4164/11 137 (37·4%) | 820/2300 (35.7%) | 491/1439 (34·1%) | 532/1323 (40·2%) | 504/1353 (37·3%) | 558/1521 (36·7%) | 446/1369 (32·6%) | 813/1832 (44·4%) | .. | |
| Age, years | 73·8 (6·6) | 74·4 (6·6) | 74·6 (7·2) | 74·2 (7·0) | 71·8 (6·4) | 73·6 (6·2) | 75·4 (6·5) | 72·8 (5·9) | .. | |
| Education | <0·0001 | |||||||||
| Primary school not completed | 4468/11 107 (40·2%) | 531/2295 (23·1%) | 1019/1435 (71·0%) | 256/1313 (19·5%) | 391/1344 (29·1%) | 1047/1519 (68·9%) | 273/1369 (19·9%) | 951/1832 (51·9%) | .. | |
| Completed primary school | 3231/11 107 (29·1%) | 771/2295 (33·6%) | 266/1435 (18·5%) | 493/1313 (37·5%) | 683/1344 (50·8%) | 286/1519 (18·8%) | 260/1369 (19·0%) | 472/1832 (25·8%) | .. | |
| Completed secondary, tertiary, or further school | 3408/11 107 (30·7%) | 993/2295 (43·3%) | 150/1435 (10·5%) | 564/1313 (43·0%) | 270/1344 (20·1%) | 186/1519 (12·2%) | 836/1369 (61·1%) | 409/1832 (22·3%) | .. | |
| Marital status | <0·0001 | |||||||||
| Married | 5656/11 105 (50·9%) | 1019/2294 (44·4%) | 451/1433 (31·5%) | 777/1316 (59·0%) | 681/1341 (50·8%) | 798/1520 (52·5%) | 717/1369 (52·4%) | 1213/1832 (66·21%) | .. | |
| Unmarried | 5449/11 105 (49·1%) | 1275/2294 (55·6%) | 982/1433 (68·5%) | 539/1316 (41·0%) | 660/1341 (49·2%) | 722/1520 (47·5%) | 652/1369 (47·6%) | 619/1832 (33·8%) | .. | |
| Lifestyle factors at baseline* | ||||||||||
| Social engagement | <0·0001 | |||||||||
| Low | 1492/11 143 (13·4%) | 330/2300 (14·3%) | 173/1441 (12·0%) | 92/1323 (7·0%) | 150/1353 (11·0%) | 236/1521 (15·5%) | 225/1373 (16·4%) | 286/1832 (15·6%) | .. | |
| Low to medium | 3576/11 143 (32·1%) | 741/2300 (32·2%) | 432/1441 (30·0%) | 278/1323 (21·0%) | 359/1353 (26·5%) | 455/1521 (29·9%) | 373/1373 (27·2%) | 938/1832 (51·2%) | .. | |
| Medium to high | 3667/11 143 (32·9%) | 784/2300 (34·1%) | 544/1441 (37·8%) | 448/1323 (33·9%) | 468/1353 (34·6%) | 507/1521 (33·3%) | 384/1373 (28·0%) | 532/1832 (29·0%) | .. | |
| High | 2408/11 143 (21·6%) | 445/2300 (19·3%) | 292/1441 (20·3%) | 505/1323 (38·2%) | 376/1353 (27·8%) | 323/1521 (21·2%) | 391/1373 (28·5%) | 76/1832 (4·1%) | .. | |
| Smoking | <0·0001 | |||||||||
| Never | 7140/11 100 (64·3%) | 1229/2294 (53·6%) | 751/1439 (52·2%) | 1095/1319 (83·0%) | 729/1326 (55·0%) | 1039/1521 (68·3%) | 999/1369 (73·0%) | 1298/1832 (70·9%) | .. | |
| Ever | 2478/11 100 (22·3%) | 614/2294 (26·8%) | 508/1439 (35·3%) | 177/1319 (13·4%) | 445/1326 (33·6%) | 345/1521 (22·7%) | 298/1369 (21·8%) | 91/1832 (5·0%) | .. | |
| Current | 1482/11 100 (13·4%) | 451/2294 (19·7%) | 180/1439 (12·5%) | 47/1319 (3·6%) | 152/1326 (11·5%) | 137/1521 (9·0%) | 72/1369 (5·3%) | 443/1832 (24·2%) | .. | |
| Light or moderate alcohol intake | 1004/10 486 (9·6%) | 201/2267 (8·9%) | 81/1431 (5·7%) | 59/1289 (4·6%) | 207/791 (26·2%) | 258/1509 (17·1%) | 129/1367 (9·4%) | 69/1832 (3·8%) | <0·0001 | |
| Fish intake | <0·0001 | |||||||||
| Never | 1596/11 095 (14·4%) | 198/2294 (8·6%) | 480/1430 (33·6%) | 102/1320 (7·7%) | 57/1333 (4·3%) | 414/1517 (27·3%) | 307/1369 (22·4%) | 38/1832 (2·1%) | .. | |
| Some days | 7547/11 095 (68·0%) | 1859/2294 (81·0%) | 834/1430 (58·3%) | 959/1320 (72·7%) | 596/1333 (44·7%) | 1027/1517 (67·7%) | 1038/1369 (75·8%) | 1234/1832 (67·4%) | .. | |
| Most days | 1843/11 095 (16·6%) | 229/2294 (10·0%) | 110/1430 (7·7%) | 224/1320 (17·0%) | 646/1333 (48·5%) | 74/1517 (4·9%) | 24/1369 (1·8%) | 536/1832 (29·3%) | .. | |
| Every day | 109/11 095 (1·0%) | 8/2294 (0·3%) | 6/1430 (0·4%) | 35/1320 (2·7%) | 34/1333 (2·6%) | 2/1517 (0·1%) | 0/1369 | 24/1832 (1·3%) | .. | |
| Physically active | <0·0001 | |||||||||
| Not (very) | 3736/11 090 (33·7%) | 636/2291 (27·8%) | 482/1434 (33·6%) | 365/1317 (27·7%) | 444/1333 (33·3%) | 502/1514 (33·2%) | 412/1369 (30·1%) | 895/1832 (48·9%) | .. | |
| Fairly | 4681/11 090 (42·2%) | 1030/2291 (45·0%) | 422/1434 (29·4%) | 563/1317 (42·7%) | 642/1333 (48·2%) | 684/1514 (45·2%) | 708/1369 (51·7%) | 632/1832 (34·5%) | .. | |
| Very | 2673/11 090 (24·1%) | 625/2291 (27·3%) | 530/1434 (37·0%) | 389/1317 (29·5%) | 247/1333 (18·5%) | 328/1514 (21·7%) | 249/1369 (18·2%) | 305/1832 (16·6%) | .. | |
| Health-related factors at baseline* | ||||||||||
| Obesity (waist-to-height ratio ≥0·63 [male] or ≥0·58 [female]) | 4197/10 493 (40·0%) | 739/2267 (32·6%) | 606/1416 (42·8%) | 568/1281 (44·3%) | 468/1063 (44·0%) | 789/1473 (53·6%) | 572/1170 (48·9%) | 455/1823 (25·0%) | <0·0001 | |
| High total cholesterol | 785/6962 (11·3%) | 294/1838 (16·0%) | 150/1086 (13·8%) | 42/558 (7·5%) | 159/942 (16·9%) | 69/1329 (5·2%) | 71/1209 (5·9%) | NA | <0·0001 | |
| High systolic blood pressure | 3301/10 681 (30·9%) | 1229/2296 (53·5%) | 416/1430 (29·1%) | 74/1321 (5·6%) | 379/1096 (34·6%) | 349/1518 (23·0%) | 277/1192 (23·2%) | 577/1828 (31·6%) | <0·0001 | |
| Diabetes | 1926/11 108 (17·3%) | 429/2289 (18·7%) | 215/1437 (15·0%) | 127/1317 (9·6%) | 198/1345 (14·7%) | 346/1520 (22·8%) | 445/1369 (32·5%) | 166/1831 (9·1%) | <0·0001 | |
| Stroke | 678/11 111 (6·1%) | 151/2294 (6·6%) | 99/1438 (6·9%) | 83/1317 (6·3%) | 81/1341 (6·0%) | 98/1521 (6·4%) | 94/1368 (6·9%) | 72/1832 (3·9%) | 0·0040 | |
| Traumatic brain injury | 965/11 092 (8·7%) | 125/2290 (5·5%) | 151/1439 (10·5%) | 184/1316 (14·0%) | 194/1325 (14·6%) | 237/1521 (15·6%) | 65/1369 (4·7%) | 9/1832 (0·5%) | <0·0001 | |
| Depressive symptoms | 1758/11 143 (15·8%) | 289/2300 (12·6%) | 349/1441 (24·2%) | 253/1323 (19·1%) | 223/1353 (16·5%) | 381/1521 (25·0%) | 252/1373 (18·4%) | 11/1832 (0·6%) | <0·0001 | |
| Physical function at baseline* | ||||||||||
| Needs help with handling money | 323/11 106 (2·9%) | 63/2275 (2·8%) | 82/1441 (5·7%) | 40/1321 (3·0%) | 52/1352 (3·8%) | 47/1519 (3·1%) | 24/1372 (1·7%) | 15/1826 (0·8%) | <0·0001 | |
| One or more reported difficulties with ADL or IADL | 1950/11 143 (17·5%) | 320/2300 (13·9%) | 388/1441 (26·9%) | 162/1323 (12·2%) | 280/1353 (20·7%) | 392/1521 (25·8%) | 280/1373 (20·4%) | 128/1832 (7·0%) | <0·0001 | |
| Cognition at baseline* | ||||||||||
| Subjective memory impairment (GMS score) | <0·0001 | |||||||||
| 0 | 4430/11 110 (39·9%) | 790/2296 (34·4%) | 440/1441 (30·5%) | 360/1319 (27·3%) | 517/1346 (38·4%) | 546/1518 (36·0%) | 486/1370 (35·5%) | 1291/1820 (70·9%) | .. | |
| 1–3 | 5515/11 110 (49·6%) | 1227/2296 (53·4%) | 791/1441 (54·9%) | 795/1319 (60·3%) | 626/1346 (46·5%) | 808/1518 (53·2%) | 777/1370 (56·7%) | 491/1820 (27·0%) | .. | |
| >3 | 1165/11 110 (10·5%) | 279/2296 (12·2%) | 210/1441 (14·6%) | 164/1319 (12·4%) | 203/1346 (15·1%) | 164/1518 (10·8%) | 107/1370 (7·8%) | 38/1820 (2·1%) | .. | |
| Verbal fluency (<18 animals) | 7125/11 143 (63·9%) | 1377/2300 (59·9%) | 1155/1441 (80·2%) | 755/1323 (57·1%) | 644/1353 (47·6%) | 1109/1521 (72·9%) | 1082/1373 (78·8%) | 1003/1832 (54·7%) | <0·0001 | |
| Delayed recall | <0·0001 | |||||||||
| 7–10 words | 2244/11 143 (20·1%) | 519/2300 (22·6%) | 160/1441 (11·1%) | 237/1323 (17·9%) | 334/1353 (24·7%) | 188/1521 (12·4%) | 221/1373 (16·1%) | 585/1832 (31·9%) | .. | |
| 5–6 words | 3870/11 143 (34·7%) | 936/2300 (40·7%) | 485/1441 (33·7%) | 466/1323 (35·2%) | 514/1353 (38·0%) | 511/1521 (33·6%) | 450/1373 (32·8%) | 508/1832 (27·7%) | .. | |
| 0–4 words | 5029/11 143 (45·1%) | 845/2300 (36·7%) | 796/1441 (55·2%) | 620/1323 (46·9%) | 505/1353 (37·3%) | 822/1521 (54·0%) | 702/1373 (51·1%) | 739/1832 (40·3%) | .. | |
| Clinical dementia rating24 | ||||||||||
| 0 (no dementia) | 6749/11 143 (60·6%) | 1468/2300 (63·8%) | 693/1441 (48·1%) | 919/1323 (69·5%) | 749/1353 (55·4%) | 775/1521 (51·0%) | 854/1373 (62·2%) | 1291/1832 (70·5%) | <0·0001 | |
| 0·5 | 4190/11 143 (37·6%) | 800/2300 (34·8%) | 688/1441 (47·7%) | 375/1323 (28·3%) | 580/1353 (42·9%) | 713/1521 (46·9%) | 504/1373 (36·7%) | 530/1832 (29·0%) | .. | |
| 1 (mild dementia) | 200/11 143 (1·8%) | 31/2300 (1·3%) | 57/1441 (4·0%) | 29/1323 (2·2%) | 24/1353 (1·8%) | 33/1521 (2·2%) | 15/1373 (1·1%) | 11/1832 (0·6%) | .. | |
| 2 (moderate dementia) | 4/11 143 (<0·1%) | 1/2300 (<0·1%) | 3/1441 (0·2%) | 0/1323 | 0/1353 | 0/1521 | 0/1373 | 0/1832 | .. | |
Data are n/N (%), where N is the number of participants with non-missing data, or mean (SD). ADL=activities of daily living. GMS=Geriatric Mental State examination. IADL=instrumental activities of daily living. NA=not available.
*
Baseline characteristics were calculated for the participants without baseline dementia.