Table 3.

A summary of the effects of antimalarials in various conditions

Effect	Disease/state	Mechanism
Antimicrobial	Chronic Q fever endocarditis	Alkalinization of phagosome
	Human immunodeficiency virus	Inhibition of virus replication
	Human corona virus	Inhibition of replication
Metabolic and cardiovascular	Hypoglycemic in diabetes mellitus	Decreasing insulin clearance and increasing secretion of C-peptide
	Improves lipid profile in SLE and RA and in steroid use
	Improve endothelial function
Antithrombotic	Prevention of thromboembolism in immobilized patients	Inhibition of platelet aggregation and arachidonic acid release
	Prevention of thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome
		Inhibition of platelets activation by aPL antibodies, reducing binding of aPL-beta2-GPI to antiphospholipids and disruption of annexin A5 by aPL antibodies
Antineoplastic	Prevention of lymphoma in mice	Induction of p53-dependentcell death
	Induction of apoptosis in CLL cells	Activation of caspase-3
	Solid tumors: e.g., breast, colon, glioblastoma multiforme, lung
	Sensitization of cancer cells to radiation and chemotherapy
Other	Prevention of GVHD disease	Inhibition of T cell response to MHC antigens
	Kikuchi–Fujimoto disease
	Sarcoidosis
	Subglottic stenosis
	Sensory neuropathy
	Decreases risk of fetal cardiac lupus

Where known, the mechanism is described

aPL antiphospholipid, GP glycoprotein, CLL chronic lymphocytic leukemia, GVHD graft versus host disease, MHC major histocompatibility complex