Table 1.

Environmental agents associated with the development of autoimmune disease

Environmental triggers	Disease	Reference
Allopurinol	Immune haemolytic anaemia	[65]
Captopril	Autoimmune thrombocytopenia	[66]
Chlorpromazine	Anti-phospholipid syndrome, haemolytic anaemia, SLE, AiLD	[67–73]
Estrogens	PBC, SLE, RA	[149–152, 310–314]
Halothane	AIH	[72, 315, 316]
Iodine	Autoimmune thyroid	[57]
Penicillins	AiLD, immune haemolytic anaemia	[72, 317]
Rifampicin	AIH, autoimmune thyroid, immune haemolytic anaemia	[318–320]
Tetracyclines	AIH, DM, SLE	[74, 321–330]
Vaccinations	PBC, AIH, SLE, RA, MS, MG, DM, polyarteritis nodosa	[270, 331–343]
Smoking	PBC, COPD, RA, autoimmune thyroid	[149–152, 344–349]
Silicone and collagen implants	SLE, Sjogren’s, SSc	[347, 350–356]

This table provides examples of several non-infectious agents which have been associated with the development of autoimmune disease. These agents are highly varied and range from pharmacological materials to waste products and cigarette smoke. Note that this list is not extensive, but serves to give examples from a variety of sources

AIH autoimmune hepatitis, AiLD autoimmune liver disease, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, DM dermatomyositis, MG myasthenia gravis; rheumatoid arthritis, SLE systemic lupus erythematosus, SSc systemic sclerosis