Table 4.

Multiparametric systems for the diagnosis of autoimmune-related infectious agents can be based on the technology currently used for the multiparametric detection of systemic infections [290–292]

Molecular detection
Multiplex real-time PCR	Real-time PCR and higly specific melting point analysis, e.g., LightCycler SeptiFast (25 pathogens)
Molecular hybridisation	Commercially available platforms are already in use, e.g., simultaneous detection of multiple viral types and subtypes from nasopharygeal swabs and simultaneous detection of viral, bacterial and protozoan parasites causing gastrointestinal diseases
Nucleotide sequencing	Nucleotide (pyro)sequencing
	Next-generation sequencing (highly massive pyrosequencing technology, sequencing by synthesis (SBS), sequencing by oligonucleotide ligation and detection (SOLiD) system)
Mass spectrometry	Post-culture microbial identification by MALDI-TOF
	Post-PCR microbial identification by PCR-ESI
Integrated fluidic systems
Immunological assays	Multiparametric ELISA, line blots/dots
	Multiparametric IFA chips
	Magnetic and non-magnetic bead-multiplex immunoassays
	Lateral flow immunochromatographic
	Assays
	Triplex lateral flow immunoassay
	Optical immunosensor systems
	Electrochemical-based ELISA