Table 2. Changes in the Percentage of Children With Medicaid Associated With 2010 Medicaid Expansiona.
| Characteristic | EXP states, % | Percentage point changeb |
NEXP states, % | Percentage point changeb |
DID estimate (95% CI) | P value | DDD P value |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2007- 2009 |
2011- 2015 |
2007- 2009 |
2011- 2015 |
Unadjusted | Adjustedc | |||||
| Overall | 31.8 | 39.3 | 7.5 (23.6) | 39.3 | 42.1 | 2.8 (7.1) | 4.59 (1.77 to 7.42) | 5.25 (2.61 to 7.89) | <.001 | NA |
| Age, y | ||||||||||
| <1 | 35.7 | 43.8 | 8.1 (22.7) | 39.0 | 48.5 | 9.5 (24.4) | −1.33 (−10.34 to 7.67) | 0.15 (−8.02 to 8.32) | .97 | .56 |
| 1-4 | 33.5 | 40.6 | 7.1 (21.2) | 43.9 | 44.7 | 0.8 (1.8) | 6.36 (1.56 to 11.17) | 6.95 (2.6 to 11.31) | .002 | |
| 5-9 | 32.4 | 40.0 | 7.6 (23.5) | 39.6 | 42.6 | 3.0 (7.6) | 4.67 (−0.91 to 10.26) | 5.18 (0.05 to 10.31) | .048 | |
| 10-14 | 27.9 | 35.8 | 7.9 (28.3) | 33.2 | 36.5 | 3.3 (9.9) | 4.58 (−0.53 to 9.69) | 5.23 (0.43 to 10.02) | .033 | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 12.9 | 20.6 | 7.7 (59.7) | 29.9 | 31.9 | 2.0 (6.7) | 5.75 (2.38 to 9.12) | 5.38 (2.12 to 8.63) | .001 | .53 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 32.1 | 42.6 | 10.5 (32.7) | 58.2 | 58.4 | 0.2 (0.3) | 10.30 (1.87 to 18.72) | 9.68 (1.22 to 18.14) | .03 | |
| Non-Hispanic other | 22.3 | 24.3 | 2.0 (9.0) | 46.5 | 48.4 | 1.9 (4.1) | 0.11 (−10.39 to 10.61) | −0.19 (−9.81 to 9.42) | .97 | |
| Hispanic | 53.1 | 61.2 | 8.1 (15.3) | 60.5 | 64.6 | 4.1 (6.8) | 4.02 (−3.15 to 11.19) | 4.14 (−3.06 to 11.33) | .26 | |
| Male | 30.6 | 40.5 | 9.9 (32.4) | 41.6 | 42.6 | 1 (2.4) | 8.91 (5.04 to 12.77) | 9.67 (6.05 to 13.28) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Female | 33.3 | 37.9 | 4.6 (13.8) | 36.5 | 41.6 | 5.1 (14.0) | −0.49 (−4.62 to 3.64) | 0.12 (−3.73 to 3.98) | .95 | |
| Nonmetropolitan area | 33.7 | 50.3 | 16.6 (49.3) | 44.7 | 47.1 | 2.4 (5.4) | 14.30 (1.12 to 27.48) | 13.47 (0.89 to 26.06) | .04 | .24 |
| Metropolitan area | 31.8 | 39.1 | 7.3 (23.0) | 37.5 | 40.4 | 2.9 (7.7) | 4.42 (1.36 to 7.47) | 5.02 (2.20 to 7.85) | <.001 | |
| County educational level | ||||||||||
| High | 14.1 | 22.3 | 8.2 (58.2) | 30.2 | 36.3 | 6.1 (20.2) | 2.09 (−2.9 to 7.08) | 1.90 (−2.93 to 6.73) | .44 | .11 |
| Middle to high | 20.6 | 26.6 | 6.0 (29.1) | 38.3 | 41.6 | 3.3 (8.6) | 2.68 (−2.68 to 8.03) | 4.02 (−1.00 to 9.04) | .12 | |
| Middle to low | 31.0 | 38.1 | 7.1 (22.9) | 42.3 | 44.1 | 1.8 (4.3) | 5.32 (−0.31 to 10.95) | 5.94 (0.74 to 11.14) | .03 | |
| Low | 47.3 | 55.9 | 8.6 (18.2) | 55.0 | 51.8 | −3.2 (−5.8) | 11.71 (4.97 to 18.44) | 11.95 (5.61 to 18.3) | <.001 | |
| County poverty level | ||||||||||
| Low | 15.3 | 20.7 | 5.4 (35.3) | 28.4 | 35.3 | 6.9 (24.3) | −1.52 (−7.21 to 4.17) | −0.96 (−6.41 to 4.48) | .73 | .04 |
| Middle to low | 28.9 | 37.5 | 8.6 (29.8) | 29.4 | 35.6 | 6.2 (21.1) | 2.39 (−3.09 to 7.86) | 4.38 (−0.84 to 9.59) | .10 | |
| Middle to high | 34.1 | 42.4 | 8.3 (24.3) | 42.6 | 41.6 | −1.0 (−2.3) | 9.27 (3.02 to 15.51) | 10.18 (4.22 to 16.14) | .001 | |
| High | 48.6 | 56.9 | 8.3 (17.1) | 49.8 | 51.4 | 1.6 (3.2) | 6.73 (1.49 to 11.96) | 6.13 (1.10 to 11.15) | .02 | |
Abbreviations: DDD, difference-in-difference-in-differences; DID, difference in differences; EXP, early expansion; NA, not applicable; NEXP, non–early expansion.
Estimates are based on multiple imputation with the exception of the complete case analysis results. Note that the following analyses did not meet the parallel trends assumption and should be interpreted with caution: Medicaid non-Hispanic white and Medicaid midde to low county poverty level.
Percentage point change is the absolute difference between the 2011 to 2015 and 2007 to 2009 percentages. Data in parentheses are expressed as the percentage point change divided by the 2007 to 2009 percentage.
Estimates are based on models adjusted for age, race, sex, residence, county educational level, and county poverty level, except the variable used to define strata in stratified analyses.