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. 2017 Apr 7;9(4):e371. doi: 10.1038/am.2016.128

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© The Author(s) 2017

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Different methods for asymmetric ligand display on cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) nanocage. (A) Dissociation of differentially engineered CCMV cages into subunits and reassembly. (B) Symmetrical dissociation of a CCMV mutant A163C. (Ba) Thiol modification of the viral nanocage by activated resin. (Bb) Neutralizing the unbound cysteines using IAA (Bc) Separation of symmetry broken mutant nanocage reduction⁵ (reprinted from Uchida, M., Klem, M.T., Allen, M., Suci, P., Flenniken, M., Gillitzer, E. et al. Biological containers: protein cages as multifunctional nanoplatforms. Adv. Mater. 19, 1025–1042. Copyright (2007), with permission from John Wiley and Sons).