Figure 1.

Subvertion of the autophagic pathway by both bacteria and viruses. Shortly after internalization, bacteria secrete molecules via a Type IV secretion system. The secreted molecules likely activate fusion of bacteria-containing phagosomes with LC3-labeled autophagosomes. Alternatively, the sequestration of phagosomes by phagophores or isolation membranes may also be promoted. Interaction with the autophagic pathway favors the development of the bacterial replicative niche delaying fusion with lysosomes until a resistant bacterial form is generated. Viral RNA replication complexes localize to the surface of double-membrane structures with the hallmarks of immature autophagosomes. Late in infection, viral particles present in the cytoplasm are engulfed in autophagosomes upon phagophore closure. Double-headed arrows indicate interaction or fusion between the compartments