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. 2019 Sep 16;55(2):341–348. doi: 10.1038/s41409-019-0649-3

Table 3.

Causes of respiratory failure

Cause of respiratory failure Entire cohort n = 125 Neutrophil recovery prior to IMV n = 72 Neutrophil recovery on IMV n = 26 Never achieved neutrophil recovery n = 27
Pneumonia/Pulmonary infectiona 33 (26%) 19 (26%) 9 (35%) 5 (19%)
Shock/Hemodynamic instability 26 (21%) 11 (15%) 3 (12%) 12 (44%)
Pulmonary hemorrhage 22 (18%) 12 (17%) 6 (23%) 4 (15%)
Fluid overload 19 (15%) 12 (17%) 4 (15%) 3 (11%)
Hypoxia without identified infection or other causeb 6 (5%) 3 (4%) 1 (4%) 2 (7%)
Altered mental status 4 (3%) 4 (6%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
Idiopathic pneumonia syndrome 2 (2%) 2 (3%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
Upper airway obstruction/mucositis 2 (2%) 0 (0%) 2 (8%) 0 (0%)
Pericardial effusion 1 (1%) 1 (1%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
Pulmonary hypertension 1 (1%) 1 (1%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
Unknown/not reported 9 (7%) 7 (10%) 1 (4%) 1 (4%)

Data are presented in frequencies and (%) with percentages rounded to the nearest whole number

aPulmonary infections included infections from any pathogen (ie bacterial, viral or fungal pathogens)

bThese subjects had hypoxia or ARDS as the cause of respiratory failure with other clear etiology listed on this table