. 2020 Mar 24;20:77. doi: 10.1186/s12876-020-01223-0

Table 2.

Summary odds Ratio (OR) Estimates [95% confidence intervals (CIs)] for Case–Control studies Conducted on the Association Between Helicobacter pylori and Risk of diabetes by Type of diabetes, Continent, Mean of HbA1C, Duration of Diabetes, Method of detection bacteria, NOS score and Age

Subgroup	Number of studies	Summery Odds Ratio (95% CI)	Between studies			Between subgroups
Subgroup	Number of studies	Summery Odds Ratio (95% CI)	I²	P_{heterogeneity}	Q	Q	P_{heterogeneity}
Type of diabetes
Diabetes Mellitus	11	1.17 (0.94–1.45)	82.5%	0.0001	1.43
Type 1 Diabetes	15	1.19 (0.98–1.45)	81.6%	0.0001	1.75	3.59	0.0001
Type 2 Diabetes	15	1.43 (1.11–1.85)	90.0%	0.0001	2.72
Continent
Asian	12	1.41 (1.05–1.88)	93.2%	0.0001	2.29
American	2	0.45 (0.31–0.66)	0.0%	0.728	4.12	3.59	0.001
African	7	1.32 (1.05–1.66)	61.0%	0.018	2.40
European	20	1.26 (1.08–1.47)	80.3%	0.0001	2.94
Mean of HbA1C^a
6–8	9	1.40 (0.92–2.13)	95.0%	0.001	1.55
8 <	13	1.41 (1.20–1.64)	73.7%	0.001	4.33	3.59	0.0001
Duration of Diabetes^a
0–3 Y	7	1.18 (1.06–1.31)	0.0%	0.450	3.07
4–7 Y	10	1.15 (0.95–1.38)	69.1%	0.001	1.45	3.59	0.001
8 < Y	9	1.09 (0.79–1.51)	91.0%	0.0001	0.55
Method of detection bacteria
Invasive Tests	18	1.07 (0.93–1.23)	73.2%	0.0001	1.00
Non- Invasive Test	23	1.45 (1.19–1.76)	88.5%	0.0001	3.70	3.59	0.0001
Age^a
10–30 Y	15	1.30 (1.05–1.62)	81.9%	0.0001	2.37
30–60 Y	18	1.34 (1.09–1.65)	91.3%	0.0001	2.77	3.59	0.0001
60 < Y	3	1.03 (0.68–1.57)	76.4%	0.014	0.15
NOS Score
6	11	1.14 (0.85–1.53)	87.7%	0.0001	0.86
7	16	1.42 (1.10–1.82)	89.0%	0.0001	2.72
8	12	1.24 (1.00–1.53)	81.6%	0.0001	1.96	3.59	0.0001
9	2	1.08 (0.95–1.22)	35.0%	0.216	1.14

Largely diabetes mellitus

All statistical tests were 2-sided

^aother studies not reported HbA1C, duration of diabetes,