Table 1.
Participants characteristics.
| Male (n=45) | Female (n=68) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CON (n=17) |
MDS (n=15) |
MDD (n=13) |
CON (n=27) |
MDS (n=22) |
MDD (n=19) |
|
| M ± SD | M ± SD | M ± SD | M ± SD | M ± SD | M ± SD | |
| Age | 24.7 ± 2.7 | 26.1 ± 3.2 | 24.5 ± 3.0 | 24.2 ± 3.8 | 23.9 ± 3.5 | 24.3 ± 4.0 |
| Questionnaires | ||||||
| PHQ-9 | 3.2 ± 2.6 | 6.7 ± 3.9 | 11.5 ± 4.1 | 3.7 ± 2.5 | 8.4 ± 3.6 | 9.6 ± 5.6 |
| CES-D | 11.5 ± 8.7 | 19.3 ± 7.8 | 33.3 ± 12.2 | 12.5 ± 7.9 | 23.9 ± 8.1 | 33.7 ± 9.9 |
| STAI-S | 44.1 ± 8.9 | 51.0 ± 8.9 | 57.6 ± 8.4 | 45.9 ± 9.1 | 55.3 ± 8.6 | 57.6 ± 8.0 |
| GAD-7 | 2.9 ± 2.7 | 3.3 ± 2.6 | 9.4 ± 5.0 | 3.4 ± 2.8 | 7.7 ± 5.0 | 7.4 ± 4.1 |
| RAS | 43.2 ± 8.2 | 37.9 ± 5.4 | 33.8 ± 8.7 | 44.7 ± 7.2 | 36.5 ± 6.1 | 36.5 ± 9.0 |
| RSES | 30.3 ± 4.7 | 26.8 ± 5.0 | 25.8 ± 4.2 | 30.2 ± 5.5 | 24.9 ± 4.3 | 25.4 ± 4.6 |
| Social support | 97.2 ± 12.1 | 91.3 ± 13.0 | 78.0 ± 10.9 | 97.0 ± 13.8 | 86.1 ± 17.9 | 91.3 ± 8.4 |
| WHOQOL total | 82.8 ± 12.8 | 73.2 ± 13.5 | 61.1 ± 11.3 | 79.7 ± 12.7 | 69.1 ± 11.4 | 62.3 ± 9.8 |
| BIS total | 62.5 ± 10.9 | 65.5 ± 11.1 | 70.0 ± 12.5 | 60.8 ± 8.2 | 73.0 ± 10.7 | 70.1 ± 12.3 |
| BHS | 3.9 ± 4.4 | 7.1 ± 5.6 | 9.6 ± 6.3 | 4.4 ± 4.1 | 9.6 ± 5.3 | 9.3 ± 2.7 |
| NEO agreeableness | 42.1 ± 5.2 | 38.7 ± 4.5 | 33.2 ± 6.9 | 39.9 ± 4.5 | 37.4 ± 6.5 | 37.2 ± 4.8 |
| NEO conscientiousness | 37.7 ± 10.0 | 35.3 ± 6.8 | 32.6 ± 8.5 | 40.9 ± 5.9 | 35.7 ± 6.5 | 34.1 ± 8.9 |
| NEO extraversion | 40.4 ± 6.7 | 35.4 ± 7.1 | 32.7 ± 6.7 | 37.4 ± 5.8 | 33.8 ± 7.9 | 35.2 ± 8.6 |
| NEO neuroticism | 33.8 ± 9.9 | 38.9 ± 5.6 | 45.7 ± 4.9 | 38.4 ± 6.9 | 44.9 ± 8.5 | 47.3 ± 5.6 |
| NEO openness | 39.9 ± 5.7 | 42.0 ± 7.8 | 40.9 ± 7.1 | 42.8 ± 6.2 | 44.0 ± 7.3 | 42.1 ± 6.3 |
| PSQI | 6.2 ± 2.7 | 7.5 ± 2.5 | 10.0 ± 1.4 | 6.4 ± 1.9 | 8.6 ± 3.0 | 10.1 ± 3.8 |
|
HRV
(Time domain) |
||||||
| Mean RR (ms) | 787.8 ± 116.1 | 829.4 ± 79.6 | 795.6 ± 133.7 | 832.0 ± 118.8 | 798.5 ± 106.7 | 807.3 ± 95.9 |
| Mean HR (bpm) | 77.8 ± 12.0 | 73.0 ± 7.0 | 77.4 ± 13.1 | 73.6 ± 11.0 | 76.4 ± 9.8 | 75.4 ± 9.2 |
| RMSSD (ms) | 44.6 ± 16.9 | 44.6 ± 14.4 | 40.4 ± 16.2 | 45.1 ± 16.5 | 44.4 ± 18.0 | 43.2 ± 18.7 |
|
HRV
(Frequency domain) |
||||||
| Power LF (ms2) | 1,015.1 ± 915.2 | 1,045.5 ± 906.6 | 1,549.5 ± 1487.0 | 737.7 ± 1164.6 | 420.6 ± 274.7 | 488.3 ± 438.2 |
| Power HF (ms2) | 893.5 ± 803.8 | 718.4 ± 539.1 | 540.1 ± 422.5 | 726.4 ± 606.5 | 747.0 ± 853.8 | 807.3 ± 822.4 |
| Total power (ms2) | 1,985.0 ± 1639.8 | 1,841.3 ± 1058.0 | 2,192.4 ± 1665.7 | 1,534.0 ± 1571.2 | 1,230.6 ± 960.6 | 1,356.6 ± 1197.9 |
| Power LF (%) | 51.5 ± 16.4 | 53.2 ± 21.3 | 64.7 ± 16.4 | 39.7 ± 18.6 | 40.1 ± 17.4 | 38.1 ± 14.7 |
| Power HF (%) | 43.4 ± 17.5 | 40.8 ± 21.0 | 30.4 ± 14.4 | 55.8 ± 19.5 | 54.1 ± 19.8 | 56.4 ± 17.1 |
| LF/HF ratio | 1.5 ± 1.0 | 2.6 ± 3.4 | 3.7 ± 4.1 | 1.1 ± 1.4 | 1.0 ± 0.9 | 0.8 ± 0.6 |
| Neurocognitive test | ||||||
| ERTUHRH | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.1 |
| ERTUHRS | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 |
| ERTUHRF | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 |
| ERTUHRA | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.1 |
| ERTUHRSU | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 |
| ERTUHRD | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.1 |
| RVPA | 0.97 ± 0.02 | 0.95 ± 0.02 | 0.96 ± 0.02 | 0.96 ± 0.02 | 0.97 ± 0.03 | 0.94 ± 0.03 |
| RVPTM | 5.7 ± 4.1 | 9.6 ± 5.4 | 7.7 ± 5.1 | 8.0 ± 5.2 | 7.2 ± 5.9 | 11.8 ± 6.9 |
| OTSMCC4 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.5 |
| OTSMLC4 | 8,904.8 ± 5,160.4 | 19,526.7 ± 17,497.9 | 12,080.0 ± 6,209.4 | 12,121.4 ± 6,144.2 | 12,237.9 ± 6,806.9 | 13,791.8 ± 12,919.5 |
| SSTSSRT | 187.1 ± 23.9 | 213.4 ± 37.3 | 197.9 ± 31.5 | 195.9 ± 31.6 | 204.0 ± 27.2 | 206.5 ± 42.1 |
| SWMBE | 8.1 ± 8.9 | 9.1 ± 11.2 | 8.5 ± 9.1 | 16.0 ± 13.2 | 15.8 ± 14.8 | 14.6 ± 12.7 |
| SWMTE | 8.1 ± 8.9 | 9.3 ± 11.5 | 9.2 ± 10.0 | 16.6 ± 13.5 | 16.1 ± 15.3 | 15.0 ± 13.0 |
| SWMS | 2.7 ± 2.2 | 3.4 ± 2.8 | 2.9 ± 2.5 | 5.0 ± 2.7 | 4.2 ± 2.8 | 5.0 ± 3.2 |
CON, Control; MDS, Mild Depressive Symptoms; MDD, Major Depressive Disorder; M, Mean; SD, Standard Deviation; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; STAI-S, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State anxiety; GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7; RAS, Resilience Appraisal Scale; RSES, Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale; WHOQOL, World Health Organization Quality of Life abbreviated version; BIS, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; BHS, Beck Hopelessness Scale; NEO, Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; HRV, heart rate variability; RR, time interval between successive electrocardiogram R-waves; HR, Heart Rate; RMSSD, Root Mean Square of Successive RR interval Differences; LF, Low Frequency; HF, High Frequency; ERTUHRH, Emotion Recognition Task Unbiased Hit Rate Happiness; ERTUHRS, Emotion Recognition Task Unbiased Hit Rate Sadness; ERTUHRF, Emotion Recognition Task Unbiased Hit Rate Fear; ERTUHRA, Emotion Recognition Task Unbiased Hit Rate Anger; ERTUHRSU, Emotion Recognition Task Unbiased Hit Rate Surprise; ERTUHRD, Emotion Recognition Task Unbiased Hit Rate Disgust; RVPA, Rapid Visual information Processing A prime; RVPTM, Rapid Visual information Processing Total Misses; OTSMCC4, One Touch Stockings of Cambridge Mean Choices to Correct (4 move); OTSMLC4, One Touch Stockings of Cambridge Mean Latency to Correct (4 move); SSTSSRT, Stop Signal Task Stop Signal Reaction Time; SWMBE, Spatial Working Memory Between Errors; SWMTE, Spatial Working Memory Total Errors; SWMS, Spatial Working Memory Strategy.