Table 2.
Significant results for two-way analysis of variance.
| Variable | Variance | SS | df | F | P | Pairwise comparisons |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Questionnaires | ||||||
| PHQ-9 | Group | 507.98 | 2 | 17.936*** | <.001 | MDD > MDS > CON |
| Sex | 1.94 | 1 | 0.137 | 0.712 | ||
| Group × Sex | 55.93 | 2 | 1.975 | 0.144 | ||
| CES-D | Group | 3540.6 | 2 | 21.785*** | <.001 | MDD > MDS > CON |
| Sex | 11.1 | 1 | 0.137 | 0.712 | ||
| Group × Sex | 86.7 | 2 | 0.533 | 0.588 | ||
| STAI-S | Group | 1353 | 2 | 9.003*** | <.001 | MDD=MDS > CON |
| Sex | 31 | 1 | 0.418 | 0.520 | ||
| Group × Sex | 79 | 2 | 0.524 | 0.594 | ||
| GAD-7 | Group | 366.69 | 2 | 12.720*** | <.001 | MDD > MDS > CON |
| Sex | 2.27 | 1 | 0.157 | 0.692 | ||
| Group × Sex | 179.85 | 2 | 6.239** | 0.003 | MDD : Male > CON : Male, MDS : Female > CON : Male, MDD : Female > CON : Male, MDD : Male > MDS : Male, MDS : Female > MDS : Male, MDD : Female > MDS : Male, MDD : Male > CON : Female, MDS : Female > CON : Female, MDD : Female > CON : Female | |
| RAS | Group | 667 | 2 | 5.975** | 0.003 | CON > MDS=MDD |
| Sex | 26 | 1 | 0.457 | 0.500 | ||
| Group × Sex | 77 | 2 | 0.687 | 0.505 | ||
| RSES | Group | 174.3 | 2 | 3.775* | 0.026 | CON > MDS=MDD |
| Sex | 0.1 | 1 | 0.005 | 0.942 | ||
| Group × Sex | 17.1 | 2 | 0.371 | 0.691 | ||
| Social support | Group | 2767 | 2 | 7.758*** | <.001 | CON > MDS=MDD |
| Sex | 0 | 1 | 0.002 | 0.966 | ||
| Group × Sex | 1482 | 2 | 4.156* | 0.018 | CON : Male > MDD : Male, CON : Female > MDD : Male | |
| WHOQOL total | Group | 3465 | 2 | 12.068*** | <.001 | CON > MDS > MDD |
| Sex | 97 | 1 | 0.673 | 0.414 | ||
| Group × Sex | 127 | 2 | 0.442 | 0.644 | ||
| BHS | Group | 242.56 | 2 | 5.453** | 0.006 | MDD=MDS > CON |
| Sex | 1.76 | 1 | 0.079 | 0.779 | ||
| Group × Sex | 36.04 | 2 | 0.810 | 0.447 | ||
| NEO agreeableness | Group | 586.3 | 2 | 10.129*** | <.001 | CON > MDD |
| Sex | 50.8 | 1 | 1.755 | 0.188 | ||
| Group × Sex | 190.9 | 2 | 3.297* | 0.041 | CON : Male > MDD : Male, CON : Female > MDD : Male | |
| NEO extraversion | Group | 466.8 | 2 | 4.574* | 0.012 | CON > MDS=MDD |
| Sex | 91.9 | 1 | 1.800 | 0.183 | ||
| Group × Sex | 138.9 | 2 | 1.361 | 0.261 | ||
| NEO neuroticism | Group | 1048.1 | 2 | 9.976*** | <.001 | MDD > MDS > CON |
| Sex | 228.5 | 1 | 4.349* | 0.039 | Female > Male | |
| Group × Sex | 84.5 | 2 | 0.805 | 0.450 | ||
| PSQI | Group | 106.01 | 2 | 7.397*** | <.001 | MDD > MDS > CON |
| Sex | 0.46 | 1 | 0.064 | 0.801 | ||
| Group × Sex | 5.57 | 2 | 0.389 | 0.679 | ||
|
HRV
(Frequency domain) |
||||||
| LF/HF ratio | Group | 27.64 | 2 | 3.159* | 0.047 | NS |
| Sex | 1.38 | 1 | 0.315 | 0.576 | Male > Female | |
| Group × Sex | 22.4 | 2 | 2.560 | 0.083 | MDD : Male > CON : Female, MDD : Male > MDS : Female, MDD : Male > MDD : Female | |
| Neurocognitive test | ||||||
| ERTUHRA | Group | 0.12804 | 2 | 2.168 | 0.120 | NS |
| Sex | 0.11893 | 1 | 4.027* | 0.047 | NS | |
| Group × Sex | 0.18415 | 2 | 3.118* | 0.048 | NS | |
| RVPTM | Group | 121.1 | 2 | 1.979 | 0.143 | |
| Sex | 53.1 | 1 | 1.737 | 0.190 | ||
| Group × Sex | 190.2 | 2 | 3.108* | 0.049 | MDD : Female > CON : Male | |
| OTSMLC4 | Group | 9.29E+08 | 2 | 4.905** | 0.009 | NS |
| Sex | 1.08E+08 | 1 | 1.140 | 0.288 | NS | |
| Group × Sex | 5.92E+08 | 2 | 3.126* | 0.048 | MDS : Male > CON : Male | |
| SWMBE | Group | 9.2 | 2 | 0.031 | 0.970 | |
| Sex | 664 | 1 | 4.442* | 0.037 | Female > Male | |
| Group × Sex | 17.5 | 2 | 0.059 | 0.943 | ||
| SWMTE | Group | 13.6 | 2 | 0.043 | 0.958 | |
| Sex | 742.7 | 1 | 4.676* | 0.033 | Female > Male | |
| Group × Sex | 33 | 2 | 0.104 | 0.902 | ||
| SWMS | Group | 4.57 | 2 | 0.311 | 0.733 | |
| Sex | 55.95 | 1 | 7.615** | 0.007 | Female > Male | |
| Group × Sex | 11.51 | 2 | 0.784 | 0.459 | ||
Tukey's method is used for multiple comparisons with all possible pairwise differences of means.
SS, Sum of Squares; df, degrees of freedom; CON, Control; MDS, Mild Depressive Symptoms; MDD, Major Depressive Disorder; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; STAI-S, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State anxiety; GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7; RAS, Resilience Appraisal Scale; RSES, Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale; WHOQOL, World Health Organization Quality of Life abbreviated version; BHS, Beck Hopelessness Scale; NEO, Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; HRV, heart rate variability; LF, Low Frequency; HF, High Frequency; ERTUHRA, Emotion Recognition Task Unbiased Hit Rate Anger; RVPTM, Rapid Visual information Processing Total Misses; OTSMLC4, One Touch Stockings of Cambridge Mean Latency to Correct (4 move); SWMBE, Spatial Working Memory Between Errors; SWMTE, Spatial Working Memory Total Errors; SWMS, Spatial Working Memory Strategy; NS, Not Significant.
*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.