Table 1.
The baseline characteristics in women with GDM.
| Characteristics | Women with GDM (n = 6861) |
|---|---|
| Mother | |
| Age (years) | 31.83 ± 5.00 |
| <35 (n, %) | 5,181 (75.51%) |
| ≥35 (n, %) | 1,680 (24.49%) |
| Parity | |
| 0 (n, %) | 2,877 (41.93%) |
| 1 (n, %) | 3,475 (50.65%) |
| ≥2 (n, %) | 509 (7.42%) |
| IVF or AID (n, %) | 530 (7.72%) |
| Scarred uterus (n, %) | 1,927 (28.09%) |
| Hypothyroidism (n, %) | 257 (3.75%) |
| Hyperthyroidism (n, %) | 57 (0.83%) |
| HDP (n, %) | 337 (4.91%) |
| HBV (n, %) | 830 (12.10%) |
| Inflammation of vagina (n, %) | 271 (3.95%) |
| History of spontaneous abortion (n, %) | 892 (13.00%) |
| History of ectopic pregnancy (n, %) | 193 (2.81%) |
| Cesarean section (n, %) | 3,914 (57.05%) |
| ICP (n, %) | 51 (0.74%) |
| Polyhydramnios (n, %) | 99 (1.44%) |
| Oligohydramnios (n, %) | 476 (6.84%) |
| PROM (n, %) | 1,238 (18.04%) |
| Newborn infant or fetus | |
| Male infant gender (n, %) | 3,731 (54.38%) |
| Preterm neonates (n, %) | 713 (10.39%) |
| Fetal distress (n, %) | 504 (7.35%) |
| Neonatal asphyxia (n, %) | 88 (1.28%) |
| Neonatal hypoglycemia (n, %) | 78 (1.14%) |
| Hyperbilirubinemia (n, %) | 603 (8.79%) |
| Birth defect (n, %) | 270 (3.94%) |
| SGA (n, %) | 177 (2.58%) |
| LBWI (n, %) | 552 (8.05%) |
| Macrosomia (n, %) | 530 (7.72%) |
GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; IVF, in vitro fertilization; AID, artificial insemination; HDP, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; HBV, Hepatitis B Virus; ICP, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy; PROM, premature rupture of membranes; SGA, small for gestational age; LBWI, low birth weight infants.