Table 2.
Baseline characteristics according to OGTT in women with GDM.
| Characteristics |
OGTT0 <5.1 (n = 5,195) |
OGTT0 ≥5.1 (n = 1,666) |
P-value |
OGTT1 <10 (n = 2,822) |
OGTT0 ≥10 (n = 4,039) |
P-value |
OGTT2 <8.5 (n = 2,397) |
OGTT2 ≥8.5 (n = 4,464) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mother | |||||||||
| Age (years) | 31.76 ± 4.95 | 32.05 ± 5.14 | 0.044* | 31.54 ± 4.99 | 32.04 ± 5.00 | <0.001** | 30.78 ± 4.85 | 32.40 ± 4.99 | <0.001** |
| <35 (n, %) | 3,947 (75.98%) | 1,234 (74.07%) | 2,190 (77.60%) | 2,991 (74.05%) | 1,962 (81.85%) | 3,219 (72.11%) | |||
| ≥35 (n, %) | 1,248 (24.02%) | 432 (25.93%) | 0.115 | 632 (22.40%) | 1,048 (25.95%) | 0.001* | 435 (18.15%) | 1,245 (27.89%) | <0.001** |
| Parity | |||||||||
| 0 (n, %) | 2,277 (43.83%) | 600 (36.01%) | 1,195 (42.35%) | 1,682 (41.64%) | 1,066 (44.47%) | 1,811 (40.57%) | |||
| 1 (n, %) | 2,589 (49.84%) | 886 (53.18%) | 1,422 (50.39%) | 2,053 (50.83%) | 1,145 (47.77%) | 2,330 (52.20%) | |||
| ≥2 (n, %) | 329 (6.33%) | 180 (10.80%) | <0.001** | 205 (7.26%) | 302 (7.53%) | 0.814 | 186 (7.76%) | 323 (7.24%) | 0.002* |
| IVF or AID (n, %) | 426 (8.20%) | 104 (6.24%) | 0.009* | 204 (7.23%) | 326 (8.07%) | 0.198 | 147 (6.13%) | 383 (8.58%) | <0.001** |
| Scarred uterus (n, %) | 1,368 (26.33%) | 559 (33.55%) | <0.001** | 706 (25.02%) | 1,221 (30.23%) | <0.001** | 634 (26.45%) | 1,293 (28.97%) | 0.027* |
| Hypothyroidism (n, %) | 198 (3.81%) | 59 (3.54%) | 0.614 | 103 (3.65%) | 154 (3.81%) | 0.727 | 82 (3.42%) | 175 (3.92%) | 0.299 |
| Hyperthyroidism (n, %) | 44 (0.85%) | 13 (0.78%) | 0.794 | 23 (0.82%) | 34 (0.84%) | 0.904 | 15 (0.626%) | 42 (0.941%) | 0.170 |
| HDP (n, %) | 216 (4.16%) | 121 (7.26%) | <0.001** | 106 (3.76%) | 231 (5.72%) | <0.001** | 104 (4.34%) | 233 (5.22%) | 0.108 |
| HBV (n, %) | 657 (12.65%) | 173 (10.38%) | 0.014* | 339 (12.01%) | 491 (12.16%) | 0.857 | 265 (11.06%) | 565 (12.66%) | 0.052 |
| Inflammation of vagina (n, %) | 197 (3.79%) | 74 (4.44%) | 0.236 | 118 (4.18%) | 153 (3.79%) | 0.410 | 112 (4.67%) | 159 (3.56%) | 0.024* |
| History of spontaneous abortion (n, %) | 685 (13.19%) | 207 (12.42%) | 0.422 | 360 (12.76%) | 532 (13.17%) | 0.615 | 276 (11.51%) | 616 (13.80%) | 0.007* |
| History of ectopic pregnancy (n, %) | 137 (2.64%) | 56 (3.36%) | 0.120 | 77 (2.73%) | 116 (2.87%) | 0.724 | 55 (2.29%) | 138 (3.09%) | 0.057 |
| Cesarean section (n, %) | 2,875 (55.34%) | 1,039 (62.36%) | <0.001** | 1,521 (53.90%) | 2,393 (59.24%) | <0.001** | 1,295 (54.02%) | 2,619 (58.67%) | <0.001** |
| ICP (n, %) | 34 (0.65%) | 17 (1.02%) | 0.130 | 17 (0.60%) | 34 (0.84%) | 0.256 | 18 (0.75%) | 33 (0.74%) | 0.957 |
| Polyhydramnios (n, %) | 70 (1.35%) | 29 (1.74%) | 0.242 | 53 (1.88%) | 46 (1.14%) | 0.012* | 34 (1.42%) | 65 (1.46%) | 0.901 |
| Oligohydramnios (n, %) | 369 (7.10%) | 107 (6.42%) | 0.342 | 184 (6.25%) | 292 (7.23%) | 0.255 | 170 (7.09%) | 306 (6.85%) | 0.712 |
| PROM (n, %) | 943 (18.15%) | 295 (17.71%) | 0.681 | 525 (18.60%) | 713 (17.65%) | 0.314 | 433 (18.06%) | 805 (18.03%) | 0.975 |
| Newborn infant or fetus | |||||||||
| Male infant gender (n, %) | 2,809 (54.07%) | 922 (55.34%) | 0.365 | 1,478 (52.34%) | 2,253 (55.78%) | 0.005* | 1,345 (56.11%) | 2,386 (53.45%) | 0.035* |
| Preterm neonates (n, %) | 510 (9.82%) | 203 (12.18%) | 0.006* | 268 (9.50%) | 445 (11.02%) | 0.042* | 232 (9.68%) | 481 (10.78%) | 0.156 |
| Fetal distress (n, %) | 338 (7.47%) | 116 (6.96%) | 0.491 | 196 (6.95%) | 308 (7.63%) | 0.288 | 187 (7.80%) | 317 (7.10%) | 0.289 |
| Neonatal asphyxia (n, %) | 63 (1.21%) | 25 (1.50%) | 0.364 | 45 (1.59%) | 43 (1.06%) | 0.055 | 28 (1.17%) | 60 (1.34%) | 0.537 |
| Neonatal hypoglycemia (n, %) | 52 (1.00%) | 26 (1.56%) | 0.061 | 27 (0.96%) | 51 (1.26%) | 0.240 | 24 (1.00%) | 54 (1.21%) | 0.438 |
| Hyperbilirubinemia (n, %) | 430 (8.28%) | 173 (10.38%) | 0.008* | 224 (7.94%) | 379 (9.38%) | 0.037* | 197 (8.22%) | 406 (9.09%) | 0.222 |
| Birth defect (n, %) | 195 (3.75%) | 75 (4.50%) | 0.172 | 118 (4.18%) | 152 (3.76%) | 0.382 | 92 (3.83%) | 178 (3.99%) | 0.760 |
| SGA (n, %) | 137 (2.64%) | 40 (2.40%) | 0.597 | 80 (2.83%) | 97 (2.40%) | 0.265 | 54 (2.25%) | 123 (2.78%) | 0.211 |
| LBWI (n, %) | 402 (7.34%) | 150 (9.00%) | 0.098 | 226 (8.01%) | 326 (8.07%) | 0.925 | 184 (7.68%) | 368 (8.24%) | 0.410 |
| Macrosomia (n, %) | 379 (7.30%) | 151 (9.06%) | 0.019* | 203 (7.19%) | 327 (8.10%) | 0.168 | 167 (6.97%) | 363 (8.13%) | 0.085 |
IVF, in vitro fertilization; AID, artificial insemination; HDP, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; HBV, Hepatitis B Virus; ICP, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy; PROM, premature rupture of membranes; SGA, small for gestational age; LBWI, low birth weight infants; NBWI, normal birth weight infants.
**
P < 0.001,
*
P < 0.05.
Bold values indicate statistically significant (P < 0.05).