Table 3.
Risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes according to OGTT in women with GDM.
| Outcome | OGTT0 <5.1 OR (95% CI) |
OGTT0 ≥5.1 OR (95% CI) |
P-value |
OGTT1 <10 OR (95% CI) |
OGTT0 ≥10 OR (95% CI) | P-value | OGTT2 <8.5 OR (95% CI) |
OGTT2 ≥8.5 OR (95% CI) |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mother | ||||||||||
| HDP | Unadj | 1.00 | 1.805 (1.435–2.273) | <0.001** | 1.00 | 1.554 (1.229–1.966) | <0.001** | 1.00 | 1.214 (0.958–1.538) | 0.108 |
| Adj | 1.00 | 1.819 (1.441–2.298) | <0.001** | 1.00 | 1.473 (1.162–1.867) | 0.001* | 1.00 | 1.047 (0.822–1.334) | 0.708 | |
| ICP | Unadj | 1.00 | 1.565 (0.872–2.808) | 0.133 | 1.00 | 1.404 (0.781–2.512) | 0.258 | 1.00 | 0.984 (0.553–1.752) | 0.957 |
| Adj | 1.00 | 1.666 (0.925–2.999) | 0.089 | 1.00 | 1.401 (0.779–2.518) | 0.260 | 1.00 | 0.962 (0.536–1.728) | 0.897 | |
| Polyhydramnios | Unadj | 1.00 | 1.297 (0.838–2.007) | 0.243 | 1.00 | 0.602 (0.404–1.012) | 0.058 | 1.00 | 1.027 (0.676–1.560) | 0.901 |
| Adj | 1.00 | 1.254 (0.807–1.947) | 0.314 | 1.00 | 0.663 (0.434–1.014) | 0.059 | 1.00 | 0.908 (0.594–1.390) | 0.658 | |
| Oligohydramnios | Unadj | 1.00 | 0.898 (0.718–1.121) | 0.342 | 1.00 | 1.117 (0.923–1.353) | 0.255 | 1.00 | 0.964 (0.794–1.171) | 0.712 |
| Adj | 1.00 | 0.946 (0.756–1.185) | 0.631 | 1.00 | 1.138 (0.939–0.897) | 0.186 | 1.00 | 0.976 (0.800–1.189) | 0.807 | |
| PROM | Unadj | 1.00 | 0.970 (0.840–1.121) | 0.681 | 1.00 | 0.938 (0.828–1.062) | 0.314 | 1.00 | 0.998 (0.877–1.135) | 0.975 |
| Adj | 1.00 | 1.032 (0.888–1.199) | 0.681 | 1.00 | 0.967 (0.850–1.100) | 0.606 | 1.00 | 1.023 (0.894–1.171) | 0.740 | |
| Newborn infant or fetus | ||||||||||
| Preterm neonates | Unadj | 1.00 | 1.275 (1.072–1.515) | 0.006* | 1.00 | 1.180 (1.006–1.384) | 0.042* | 1.00 | 1.127 (0.955–1.329) | 0.156 |
| Adj | 1.00 | 1.284 (1.078–1.529) | 0.005* | 1.00 | 1.172 (0.998–1.146) | 0.053 | 1.00 | 1.090 (0.921–1.290) | 0.314 | |
| Fetal distress | Unadj | 1.00 | 0.927 (0.748–1.150) | 0.491 | 1.00 | 1.106 (0.918–1.332) | 0.288 | 1.00 | 0.903 (0.749–1.090) | 0.289 |
| Adj | 1.00 | 1.011 (0.814–1.257) | 0.918 | 1.00 | 1.135 (0.941–1.369) | 0.187 | 1.00 | 0.917 (0.757–1.111) | 0.374 | |
| Neonatal asphyxia | Unadj | 1.00 | 1.241 (0.778–1.979) | 0.364 | 1.00 | 0.664 (0.436–1.011) | 0.057 | 1.00 | 1.153 (0.734–1.810) | 0.537 |
| Adj | 1.00 | 1.252 (0.783–2.003) | 0.349 | 1.00 | 0.664 (0.435–1.013) | 0.058 | 1.00 | 1.193 (0.755–1.884) | 0.450 | |
| Neonatal hypoglycemia | Unadj | 1.00 | 1.568 (0.976–2.519) | 0.063 | 1.00 | 1.324 (0.828–2.116) | 0.241 | 1.00 | 1.211 (0.747–1.963) | 0.438 |
| Adj | 1.00 | 1.542 (0.956–2.488) | 0.076 | 1.00 | 1.268 (0.792–2.031) | 0.323 | 1.00 | 1.109 (0.679–1.811) | 0.679 | |
| Hyperbilirubinemia | Unadj | 1.00 | 1.284 (1.066–1.546) | 0.008* | 1.00 | 1.201 (1.011–1.427) | 0.038* | 1.00 | 1.117 (0.935–1.335) | 0.222 |
| Adj | 1.00 | 1.285 (1.065–1.550) | 0.009* | 1.00 | 1.156 (1.972–1.375) | 0.102 | 1.00 | 1.064 (0.888–1.275) | 0.501 | |
| Birth defect | Unadj | 1.00 | 1.208 (0.920–1.587) | 0.173 | 1.00 | 0.896 (0.701–1.146) | 0.382 | 1.00 | 1.041 (0.805–1.345) | 0.760 |
| Adj | 1.00 | 1.185 (0.901–1.558) | 0.226 | 1.00 | 0.883 (0.690–1.130) | 0.323 | 1.00 | 1.007 (0.776–1.306) | 0.960 | |
| SGA | Unadj | 1.00 | 0.908 (0.636–1.297) | 0.597 | 1.00 | 0.843 (0.625–1.138) | 0.266 | 1.00 | 1.229 (0.889–1.700) | 0.211 |
| Adj | 1.00 | 0.937 (0.654–1.340) | 0.720 | 1.00 | 0.841 (0.622–1.136) | 0.259 | 1.00 | 1.231 (0.887–1.710) | 0.215 | |
| LBWI | Unadj | 1.00 | 1.180 (0.970–1.435) | 0.099 | 1.00 | 1.009 (0.845–1.204) | 0.925 | 1.00 | 1.081 (0.899–1.299) | 0.410 |
| Adj | 1.00 | 1.187 (0.974–1.448) | 0.090 | 1.00 | 1.004 (0.840–1.199) | 0.967 | 1.00 | 1.086 (0.900–1.310) | 0.390 | |
| Macrosomia | Unadj | 1.00 | 1.267 (1.040–1.543) | 0.019* | 1.00 | 1.137 (0.947–1.364) | 0.168 | 1.00 | 1.182 (0.977–1.430) | 0.085 |
| Adj | 1.00 | 1.302 (1.067–1.590) | 0.010* | 1.00 | 1.154 (0.961–1.387) | 0.126 | 1.00 | 1.200 (0.988–1.457) | 0.066 | |
IVF, in vitro fertilization; AID, artificial insemination; HDP, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; ICP, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy; PROM, premature rupture of membranes; SGA, small for gestational age; LBWI, low birth weight infants; NBWI, normal birth weight infants.
Adj, adjusted for age, parity, IVF or AID, scarred uterus, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, HBV, inflammation of vagina, history of spontaneous abortion, history of ectopic pregnancy.
**
P < 0.001,
*
P < 0.05.
Bold values indicate statistically significant (P < 0.05).