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. 2020 Mar 17;11:452. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00452

TABLE 1.

Examples of visual and phonological neighbors in Arabic (Source: adapted from Asaad and Eviatar, 2014).

Arabic script IPA
Visual neighbors
graphic file with name fpsyg-11-00452-i010.jpg /b/
graphic file with name fpsyg-11-00452-i011.jpg /θ/
graphic file with name fpsyg-11-00452-i012.jpg /t/
graphic file with name fpsyg-11-00452-i013.jpg /j/

graphic file with name fpsyg-11-00452-i014.jpg /q/
graphic file with name fpsyg-11-00452-i015.jpg /f/

graphic file with name fpsyg-11-00452-i016.jpg /x/
graphic file with name fpsyg-11-00452-i017.jpg /ħ/
graphic file with name fpsyg-11-00452-i018.jpg /d^Ʒ/

graphic file with name fpsyg-11-00452-i019.jpg /r/
graphic file with name fpsyg-11-00452-i020.jpg /z/

Phonological neighbors

graphic file with name fpsyg-11-00452-i021.jpg /tʔ/, /t/
graphic file with name fpsyg-11-00452-i022.jpg /dʔ/, /d/
graphic file with name fpsyg-11-00452-i023.jpg /s/, /sʔ/
graphic file with name fpsyg-11-00452-i024.jpg */ð/, */ðʔ/

The phonemes marked with a (*) were not in the original paper by Asaad and Eviatar (2014) as they are not present in the Palestinian Arabic dialect. They do however, exist in both MSA and Emirati Arabic.