Table 3. Complications, Treatments, and Clinical Outcomes.
| Variable | All Patients (N=1099) |
Disease Severity | Presence of Composite Primary End Point | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nonsevere (N=926) |
Severe (N=173) |
Yes (N=67) |
No (N=1032) |
||
| Complications | |||||
| Septic shock — no. (%) | 12 (1.1) | 1 (0.1) | 11 (6.4) | 9 (13.4) | 3 (0.3) |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome — no. (%) | 37 (3.4) | 10 (1.1) | 27 (15.6) | 27 (40.3) | 10 (1.0) |
| Acute kidney injury — no. (%) | 6 (0.5) | 1 (0.1) | 5 (2.9) | 4 (6.0) | 2 (0.2) |
| Disseminated intravascular coagulation — no. (%) | 1 (0.1) | 0 | 1 (0.6) | 1 (1.5) | 0 |
| Rhabdomyolysis — no. (%) | 2 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) | 0 | 0 | 2 (0.2) |
| Physician-diagnosed pneumonia — no./total no. (%) | 972/1067 (91.1) | 800/894 (89.5) | 172/173 (99.4) | 63/66 (95.5) | 909/1001 (90.8) |
| Median time until development of pneumonia (IQR) — days* | |||||
| After initial Covid-19 diagnosis | 0.0 (0.0–1.0) | 0.0 (0.0–1.0) | 0.0 (0.0–2.0) | 0.0 (0.0–3.5) | 0.0 (0.0–1.0) |
| After onset of Covid-19 symptoms | 3.0 (1.0–6.0) | 3.0 (1.0–6.0) | 5.0 (2.0–7.0) | 4.0 (0.0–7.0) | 3.0 (1.0–6.0) |
| Treatments | |||||
| Intravenous antibiotics — no. (%) | 637 (58.0) | 498 (53.8) | 139 (80.3) | 60 (89.6) | 577 (55.9) |
| Oseltamivir — no. (%) | 393 (35.8) | 313 (33.8) | 80 (46.2) | 36 (53.7) | 357 (34.6) |
| Antifungal medication — no. (%) | 31 (2.8) | 18 (1.9) | 13 (7.5) | 8 (11.9) | 23 (2.2) |
| Systemic glucocorticoids — no. (%) | 204 (18.6) | 127 (13.7) | 77 (44.5) | 35 (52.2) | 169 (16.4) |
| Oxygen therapy — no. (%) | 454 (41.3) | 331 (35.7) | 123 (71.1) | 59 (88.1) | 395 (38.3) |
| Mechanical ventilation — no. (%) | 67 (6.1) | 0 | 67 (38.7) | 40 (59.7) | 27 (2.6) |
| Invasive | 25 (2.3) | 0 | 25 (14.5) | 25 (37.3) | 0 |
| Noninvasive | 56 (5.1) | 0 | 56 (32.4) | 29 (43.3) | 27 (2.6) |
| Use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation — no. (%) | 5 (0.5) | 0 | 5 (2.9) | 5 (7.5) | 0 |
| Use of continuous renal-replacement therapy — no. (%) | 9 (0.8) | 0 | 9 (5.2) | 8 (11.9) | 1 (0.1) |
| Use of intravenous immune globulin — no. (%) | 144 (13.1) | 86 (9.3) | 58 (33.5) | 27 (40.3) | 117 (11.3) |
| Admission to intensive care unit — no. (%) | 55 (5.0) | 22 (2.4) | 33 (19.1) | 55 (82.1) | 0 |
| Median length of hospital stay (IQR) — days† | 12.0 (10.0–14.0) | 11.0 10.0–13.0) | 13.0 (11.5–17.0) | 14.5 (11.0–19.0) | 12.0 (10.0–13.0) |
| Clinical outcomes at data cutoff — no. (%) | |||||
| Discharge from hospital | 55 (5.0) | 50 (5.4) | 5 (2.9) | 1 (1.5) | 54 (5.2) |
| Death | 15 (1.4) | 1 (0.1) | 14 (8.1) | 15 (22.4) | 0 |
| Recovery | 9 (0.8) | 7 (0.8) | 2 (1.2) | 0 | 9 (0.9) |
| Hospitalization | 1029 (93.6) | 875 (94.5) | 154 (89.0) | 51 (76.1) | 978 (94.8) |
*
For the development of pneumonia, data were missing for 347 patients (31.6%) regarding the time since the initial diagnosis and for 161 patients (14.6%) regarding the time since symptom onset.
†
Data regarding the median length of hospital stay were missing for 136 patients (12.4%).