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. 2018 Jun 8;154:424–434. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.06.009

Table 2.

Cytokine-like functions of ARSs.

ARS Stimulus Active form Target cell Receptor Function Refs.
YRS Apoptotic condition
  • -

    Mini-YRS

  • -

    C-terminal EMAPII

 Leukocyte CXCR1/2
  • -

    Chemo-attract leukocytes with ELR motif

  • -

    Intercellular signal transducer

  • -

    Production of cytokines by mononuclear phagocytes

 [87]
WRS IFN-γ
  • -

    Mini-WRS

  • -

    Truncated T1, T2

 Endothelial cell VE-cadherin Angiostatic activity with EHR motif [52], [94]
KRS
  • -

    TNF-α

  • -

    Toxin

 Full-length (exosome-associated)
  • -

    Macrophage

  • -

    Monocyte

 Not identified
  • -

    MAPK (ERK, p38) signaling activation

  • -

    Macrophage migration

  • -

    TNF production

 [89], [96], [105]
HRS Inflammatory myositis
  • -

    Full-length

  • -

    Splice variants


(internal deletion of catalytic domain)
  • -

    Lymphocyte

  • -

    Monocyte

  • -

    Immature DC

 CCR5
  • -

    Induce cell migration, chemokine activation

  • -

    Initiation of adaptive immune response

  • -

    Inflammatory function by WHEP

 [97], [98]
AIMP1
  • -

    Apoptosis inducers

  • -

    Hypoxia

  • -

    TNF-α
  • -

    Full-length

  • -

    EMAPII
  • -

    Macrophage

  • -

    Monocyte

  • -

    Endothelial cell

  • -

    Epithelial cell

 CD23
  • -

    Proinflammatory effect

  • -

    Bi-phasic effect (anti-/pro-angiogenesis)

 [99], [101], [102]

EMAPII, endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide II; ELR, Glu-Leu-Arg; EHR, Glu-His-Arg; DC, dendritic cell.