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. 2020 Feb 28;8:123. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00123

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

The canonical TGF-β/Smad signaling in fibrosis. Once released, active TGF-β1 binds TβRII and activates TβRI and R-Smads (Smad2 and Smad3), resulting in formation of a complex with Smad4. The Smad2/3/4 complex then translates into the nucleus and binds to the target genes to induce fibrosis and inflammation. TGF-β, transforming growth factor β; TβRI, TGF-β receptor type I; TβRII, TGF-β receptor type II.