Table 3.
Effects of fish oil supplementation alone or with HIIT on Lipid variables in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes
| Variables | n | Mean ± SD |
From baseline to Month 9, mean (95% CI) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Month 1 | Month 2 | Month 3 | Within group change | Between group difference in change | |||
| Fat mass (%) | ||||||||
| Control | 54 | 28.58 ± 1.37 | 28.65 ± 1.52 | 28.71 ± 1.65 | 28.61 ± 0.56 | 0.03 (–0.37, 0.43) | NA | |
| FO | 51 | 28.47 ± 1.38 | 28.43 ± 1.58 | 28.40 ± 1.50 | 28.31 ± 1.46 | –0.16 (–0.56, 0.34) | NA | |
| FO + HIIT | 58 | 29.38 ± 1.74 | 29.18 ± 1.50 | 28.67 ± 1.58 | 28.65 ± 1.33 | –0.73 (–1.15, –0.33)a | NA | |
| FO vs Control | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | –0.19 (–0.60, 0.22) | |
| FO + HIIT vs Control | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | –0.76 (–1.17, –0.35)a | |
| FO vs FO + HIIT | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | –0.57 (–0.98, –0.16)b | |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | ||||||||
| Control | 54 | 1.94 ± 0.48 | 1.97 ± 0.23 | 2.01 ± 0.34 | 2.05 ± 0.37 | 0.11 (–0.04, 0.26)c | NA | |
| FO | 51 | 1.95 ± 0.66 | 1.89 ± 0.36 | 1.79 ± 0.16 | 1.63 ± 0.20 | –0.32 (–0.47, –0.17)b | NA | |
| FO + HIIT | 58 | 1.90 ± 0.49 | 1.85 ± 0.38 | 1.72 ± 0.36 | 1.54 ± 0.25 | –0.36 (–0.51, –0.21)a | NA | |
| FO vs Control | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | –0.43 (–0.60, –0.26)b | |
| FO + HIIT vs Control | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | –0.49 (–066, –0.32)a | |
| FO vs FO + HIIT | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | –0.06 (–0.23, 0.11) | |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | ||||||||
| Control | 54 | 4.79 ± 0.52 | 5.29 ± 0.52 | 5.38 ± 0.54 | 5.25 ± 0.47 | 0.45 (0.08, 0.82)b | NA | |
| FO | 51 | 4.94 ± 0.54 | 4.95 ± 0.61 | 4.94 ± 0.52 | 4.67 ± 0.58 | –0.27 (–0.64, 0.12)a | NA | |
| FO + HIIT | 58 | 5.03 ± 0.48 | 5.01 ± 0.62 | 4.76 ± 0.51 | 4.56 ± 0.52 | –0.47 (–0.84, –0.10)a | NA | |
| FO vs Control | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | –0.73 (–1.03, –0.43)a | |
| FO + HIIT vs Control | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | –0.93 (–1.23, –0.63)a | |
| FO vs FO + HIIT | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | –0.20 (–0.50, 0.1)b | |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | ||||||||
| Control | 54 | 3.01 ± 0.31 | 3.03 ± 0.29 | 3.04 ± 0.35 | 3.10 ± 0.34 | 0.09 (–0.02, 0.20) | NA | |
| FO | 51 | 3.04 ± 0.35 | 2.92 ± 0.35 | 2.79 ± 0.34 | 2.63 ± 0.35 | –0.41 (–0.52, –0.3)b | NA | |
| FO + HIIT | 58 | 3.03 ± 0.36 | 2.98 ± 0.37 | 2.74 ± 0.35 | 2.56 ± 0.34 | –0.44 (–0.55, –0.33)a | NA | |
| FO vs Control | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | –0.50 (–0.64, –0.36)a | |
| FO + HIIT vs Control | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | –0.54 (–0.68, –0.40)a | |
| FO vs FO + HIIT | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | –0.04 (–0.18, 0.10) | |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | ||||||||
| Control | 54 | 1.22 ± 0.06 | 1.19 ± 0.08 | 1.18 ± 0.03 | 1.20 ± 0.03 | –0.02 (–0.29, –0.07) | NA | |
| FO | 51 | 1.15 ± 0.04 | 1.16 ± 0.04 | 1.18 ± 0.04 | 1.21 ± 0.02 | 0.06 (–0.05, 0.17)b | NA | |
| FO + HIIT | 58 | 1.18 ± 0.03 | 1.19 ± 0.03 | 1.22 ± 0.08 | 1.27 ± 0.07 | 0.09 (–0.02, 0.20)a | NA | |
| FO vs Control | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.08 (–0.04, 0.20) | |
| FO + HIIT vs Control | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.11 (–0.01, 0.23)a | |
| FO vs FO + HIIT | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.03 (–0.09, 0.15) | |
Values are expressed as means ± SDs. ap<0.001. bp<0.01. cp<0.05.