Table 2.
Crude and adjusted hazard ratios and 95% CIs for the risk of psychiatric disorders in PCOS-exposed and PCOS-unexposed offspring
| Outcome | All | Boys | Girls | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of cases | Crude | Adjusteda | No. of cases | Crude | Adjustedb | No. of cases | Crude | Adjustedb | |
| Exposed/unexposed | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | Exposed/unexposed | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | Exposed/unexposed | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |
| PCOS-exposed compared with PCOS-unexposed offspring (unrelated) | |||||||||
| ADHD | 681/5440 | 1.61 (1.45–1.79) | 1.46 (1.31–1.63) | 449/3758 | 1.52 (1.34–1.73) | 1.37 (1.19–1.57) | 232/1682 | 1.72 (1.42–2.09) | 1.61 (1.31–1.99) |
| ASD | 256/1765 | 1.79 (1.53–2.09) | 1.57 (1.34–1.84) | 177/1297 | 1.61 (1.33–1.95) | 1.46 (1.21–1.76) | 79/468 | 2.29 (1.68–3.11) | 2.02 (1.45–2.82) |
| TD/CTD | 38/282 | 1.90 (1.30–2.78) | 1.60 (1.08–2.37) | 30/220 | 1.76 (1.12–2.75) | 1.54 (0.97–2.43) | 8/62 | 1.69 (0.76–3.73) | 1.51 (0.69–3.31) |
| PCOS-exposed offspring compared with PCOS-unexposed offspring (cousins) | |||||||||
| ADHD | 681/602 | 1.50 (1.22–1.84) | 1.39 (1.10–1.76) | 449/418 | 1.27 (0.98–1.66) | 1.18 (0.86–1.62) | 232/184 | 2.40 (1.57–3.67) | 2.27 (1.31–3.93) |
| ASD | 256/202 | 1.76 (1.29–2.41) | 1.49 (1.06–2.10) | 177/156 | 1.81 (1.19–2.75) | 1.38 (0.84–2.27) | 79/46 | 2.64 (1.19–5.82) | 2.55 (1.08–5.99) |
| TD/CTD | 38/30 | 1.91 (0.98–3.73) | 1.61 (0.77–3.35) | 30/23 | 4.31 (1.52–12.22) | 5.00 (1.21–20.71) | 8/7 | 0.92 (0.12–7.26) | N/A |
ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ASD, autism spectrum disorders; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; TD/CTD, Tourette disorder/chronic tic disorders.
N/A = was not possible to fit the adjusted model due to too few cases.
Model adjusted for offspring sex and year of birth, maternal age at child's birth, maternal education, maternal region of birth, and maternal and paternal lifetime history of psychiatric disorders.
Model adjusted for offspring year of birth, maternal age at child's birth, maternal education, maternal region of birth, and maternal and paternal lifetime history of psychiatric disorders.