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. 2020 Mar 18;11:410. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00410

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Copyright © 2020 Caër and Wick.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic of human intestinal mucosa and submucosa structure. The schematic is an overall representation of intestinal organization. For example, only the small intestine has Peyer's patches while only the colon has both inner and outer mucus layers composed of firm and loose mucus, respectively. In addition, this schematic does not represent the villi or the crypts of the intestinal mucosa. The color coding of macrophage subsets and dendritic cell subsets matches that in Figures 1, 3, 4 and 6 to allow continuity in the Figures. Black dashed lines represent the maturation waterfall of macrophages. Questions marks represent remaining unresolved issues regarding differentiation and function of the Mf4 subset. Red arrows show processes that increase or decrease during IBD. ILF, isolated lymphoid follicle; SED, subepithelial dome.