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. 2020 Mar 24;10:5343. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-61683-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Survival percentages, CCS and bacterial scores of the birds that received mucosal CpG-ODN (n = 40) and/or saline control (n = 40) and followed by a lethal E. coli challenge. (A) Birds that received CpG-ODN showed significantly higher survival compared to the saline control group (P = 0.0249). (B) CCS values following the E. coli challenge depicted significantly lower CCS in the CpG-ODN received group compared to the saline control (P = 0.0384). (C) Birds following 1 × 10⁵ CFU or 1 × 10⁶ CFU/bird E. coli challenge indicated a heavier bacterial load in the saline control birds compared to the IPL CpG-ODN treated birds.