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. 2020 Mar 24;10:5343. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-61683-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Histology of the lungs 48 hr following IPL saline (A and C) and IPL CpG-ODN delivery (B and D). At lower magnification (20×), saline control lungs appeared less cellular and paler with clear air spaces (A) than the CpG-ODN treated lungs distinctly infiltrated with large numbers of lymphocytes (B). However, this cellularity in the CpG-ODN lungs was visibly quite lower than what was observed 24 hours post treatment. At higher magnification (40× and 100×), more lymphocytes (black arrowheads in the insert) and mononuclear cells resembling monocytes and macrophages (yellow arrows in the insert) were seen in the parenchyma of IPL CpG-ODN lungs (D) compared to the saline control lungs (C).