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. 2020 Mar 24;10:5334. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-62073-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Examples of beechnut development of European beech: (a) regularly developing beechnut cupula with beechnuts in summer; (b) regularly developed beechnut cupula in autumn after release of beechnuts; (c) poorly developed beechnut cupula with beechnuts in summer found in litterfall traps two months before regular beechnut cupulas are typically falling. Photos by Anita Nussbaumer.