Figure 1.

Schematic overview of samples and experimental investigations of the study. (A) Manual and extrusion-based preparation of cell-free hydrogels based on GM, GM + G or GM + G + GMA for physical characterization (B) Manual preparation of vascularization hydrogels including HDMECs and ASCs (C) Extrusion-based preparation of co-culture constructs with a bone compartment including ASCs in bone bioink, and a vascularization compartment including HDMECs and ASCs in vascularization bioink, and respective mono-cultures including either the cell-loaded bone-hydrogel or the cell-loaded vascularization-hydrogel and the cell-free counterpart.