Table 2.
Haemorrhagic transformation in relation to premorbid medications,.
| Haemorrhagic transformation. | Total | p-value | test | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | |||||
| 425 (81%) | 102 (19.4%) | 527 | ||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 65.4 (12.4) | 68.4 (11.5) | 0.027 | t-test | ||
| Gender n, (%) | male | 258, (81.1) | 60, (18.9) | 318 | 0.727 | chi-square |
| female | 167, (80) | 42, (20) | 209 | |||
| Race, n, (%) | Chinese | 253, (80.3) | 62, (19.7) | 315 | 0.445 | chi-square |
| Indian | 41, (78.8) | 11, (21.2) | 52 | |||
| Malay | 106, (79.7) | 27, (20.3) | 133 | |||
| Others | 25, (92.6) | 2, (7.4) | 27 | |||
| Use of NSAID, n, (%) | No | 412, (80.5) | 100, (19.5) | 512 | 0.549 | chi-square |
| Yes | 13, (86.7) | 2, (13.3) | 15 | |||
| Use of Aspirin, n, (%) | No | 335, (84.2) | 63, (15.8) | 398 | <0.001 | chi-square |
| Yes | 90, (69.8) | 39, (30.2) | 129 | |||
| Use of clopidogrel, n, (%) | No | 399, (80.9) | 94, (19.1) | 493 | 0.524 | chi-square |
| Yes | 26, (76.5) | 8, (23.5) | 34 | |||
| Use of statin, n, (%) | No | 265, (82.6) | 56, (17.4) | 321 | 0.166 | chi-square |
| Yes | 160, (77.7) | 46, (22.3) | 206 | |||
| Use of fibrate, n, (%) | No | 403, (80.6) | 97, (19.4) | 500 | 0.91 | chi-square |
| Yes | 22, (81.5) | 5, (18.5) | 27 | |||
| Use of warfarin, n, (%) | No | 416, (82.5) | 88, (17.5) | 504 | <0.001 | chi-square |
| Yes | 9, (39.1) | 14, (60.9) | 23 | |||
| Use of dipyridamole, n, (%) | No | 416, (80.9) | 98, (19.1) | 514 | 0.292 | chi-square |
| Yes | 69.2 | 30.8 | 13 | |||
| Hypertension, n, (%) | No | 125, (83.3) | 25, (16.7) | 150 | 0.324 | chi-square |
| Yes | 300, (79.6) | 77, (20.4) | 377 | |||
| Diabetes (%) | No | 233, (81.5) | 53, (18.5) | 286 | 0.602 | chi-square |
| Yes | 192, (79.7) | 49, (20.3) | 241 | |||
| Lipids (%) | No | 200, (82) | 44, (18) | 244 | 0.476 | chi-square |
| Yes | 225, (79.5) | 58, (20.5) | 283 | |||
| IHD (%) | No | 338, (84.9) | 15.1 | 398 | <0.001 | chi-square |
| Yes | 87, (67.4) | 42, (32.6) | 129 | |||
| AMI (%) | No | 415, (80.3) | 102, (19.7) | 517 | 0.118 | chi-square |
| Yes | 10, (100) | 0, (0) | 10 | |||
| Angioplasty (%) | No | 415, (80.4) | 101, (19.6) | 516 | 0.448 | chi-square |
| Yes | 9, (90) | 1, (10) | 10 | |||
| AF (%) | No | 378, (88.9) | 47, (11.1) | 425 | <0.001 | chi-square |
| Yes | 47, (46.1) | 55, (53.9) | 102 | |||
| Kidney function (%) | Normal & AKI | 326, (80.9) | 77, (19.1) | 403 | 0.795 | chi-square |
| CKD | 99, (79.8) | 25, (20.2) | 124 | |||
| Total Cholesterol, mean (SD) | 5.34 (1.46) | 4.96 (1.55) | 0.018 | t-test | ||
| HDL, mean (SD) | 1.17 (0.43) | 1.17 (0.55) | 0.964 | t-test | ||
| Total HDL ratio, mean (SD) | 4.9 (1.7) | 4.7 (2.1) | 0.448 | t-test | ||
| Triglyceride, mean (SD) | 1.49 (0.86) | 1.36 (0.09) | 0.151 | t-test | ||
| LDL, mean (SD) | 3.5 (1.28) | 3.20 (1.46) | 0.023 | t-test | ||
| Urea, mean (SD) | 5.49 (3.5) | 5.33 (2.29) | 0.664 | t-test | ||
| Sodium, mean (SD) | 137.45 (3.6) | 137.57 (3.89) | 0.754 | t-test | ||
| Potassium, mean (SD) | 4.07 (0.58) | 4.25 (0.75) | 0.007 | t-test | ||
| Glucose, mean (SD) | 10.09 (5.45) | 10.9 (6.9) | 0.205 | t-test | ||
| Creatinine, mean (SD) | 103.98 (81.0) | 96.7 (39.8) | 0.375 | t-test | ||
| Hb, mean (SD) | 14.1 (4.8) | 14.7 (2.0) | 0.909 | t-test | ||
| WBC, mean (SD) | 9.6 (3.2) | 9.9 (3.9) | 0.388 | t-test | ||
| Platelet, mean (SD) | 281.7 (88.7) | 274.7 (108.6) | 0.491 | t-test | ||
| HCT, mean (SD) | 42.7 (15.3) | 42.3 (6.2) | 0.757 | t-test | ||
| MCV, mean (SD) | 85.9 (9.4) | 85.9 (13.6) | 0.976 | t-test | ||
| Presence of old lacunes, n, (%) | no | 192, (80.7) | 46, (19.3) | 0.989 | chi-square | |
| yes | 233, (80.6) | 56, (19.4) | ||||
| Presence of PVD, n, (%) | no | 374, (80.8) | 89, (19.2) | 463 | 0.836 | chi-square |
| yes | 51, (79.7) | 13, (20.3) | 64 | |||
| Use of rtPA, n, (%) | no | 399, (82.1) | 87, (17.9) | 486 | 0.004 | chi-square |
| yes | 26, (63.4) | 15, (36.6) | 41 | |||
| Presence of old microhaemorrhages, n (%) | no | 395, (80.1) | 98, (19.9) | 493 | 0.247 | chi-square |
| yes | 30, (88.2) | 4, (11.8) | 34 | |||
| Presence of microvascular changes, n (%) | no | 158, (77.8) | 45, (22.2) | 203 | 0.196 | chi-square |
| yes | 267, (82.4) | 57, (17.6) | 324 | |||
| Stroke classifications, n, (%) | TACS | 18, (64.3) | 10, (35.7) | 28 | <0.001 | chi-square |
| PACS | 111, (64.5) | 61, (35.6) | 172 | |||
| LACS | 198, (94.7) | 11, (5.30 | 209 | |||
| POCS | 92, (82.1) | 20, (17.9) | 112 | |||
| undefined | 6, (100) | 0, (0) | 6 | |||
| Size of artery, n, (%) | small | 146, (94.8) | 8, (5.2) | 154 | <0.001 | chi-square |
| large | 279, (74.8) | 94, (25.2) | 373 | |||
admission scan findings and biochemical parameters.
Abbreviations: NSAID = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, IHD = ischaemic heart disease, AMI = acute myocardial infarction, AF = atrial fibrillation, AKI = acute kidney injury, CKD = chronic kidney disease, HDL = high density lipoprotein, LDL = low density lipoprotein, Hb = haemoglobin, WBC = white blood cell counts, HCT = haematocrit, MCV = mean corpuscular volume, PVD = peripheral vascular disease, rtPA: recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, TACS = total anterior circulation syndrome, PACS = partial anterior circulation syndrome, LACS = lacunar syndrome, POCS = posterior circulation syndrome.