Table 1.

Demographic and Clinical Data between Control and Studied Groups^a

	Control Group, N = 237	Studied Group, N = 227	P
Age, year	68.1 ± 16.7	68.2 ± 16.2	0.913
Gender, M/F	170/67	153/74	0.311
ICU ward, medical/surgical	85/152	107/120	0.014
Smoking, yes/no	123/114	110/117	0.516
Admission diagnosis Operation
Upper abdomen	110	89	0.117
Lower abdomen	12	7	0.279
Others	13	13	0.910
Acute respiratory failure	14	17	0.495
Cardiovascular diseases	15	12	0.631
Sepsis	10	14	0.404
Renal diseases	8	12	0.310
Liver diseases	8	11	0.424
UGI bleeding	8	9	0.736
CNS diseases	15	16	0.756
Others	24	27	0.543
Risk factors for VAP
COPD	15	8	0.201
DM	32	40	0.249
APACHE II score	28.5 ± 5.9	28.1 ± 6.6	0.353
Antacid/H2 blockers	56	40	0.316
Aerosol therapy	43	24	0.372
Corticosteroid	43	51	0.251
Sedation	57	46	0.372

ICU indicates intensive care unit; UGI, upper gastrointestinal; CNS, central nervous system; VAP, ventilator-associated pneumonia; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; APACHE, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation.

^aData of mean ± SD or case number are given.