Table 3.
Risk factors associated with overall intestinal parasitic infections.
| Sociodemographic variables | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number and percentage of parasite-infected student | ||||||
| Variables | Categories | Total no. (%) | Positive no. (%) | Negative no. (%) | AOR (95% CI) | p value |
| Grade level | 1 | 120 (31.3) | 80 (66.6) | 40 (33.33) | 0.878 (0.28-2.6) | 0.817 |
| 2 | 112 (29.2) | 71 (63.4) | 41 (36.6) | 1.379 (0.45-4.2) | 0.571 | |
| 3 | 83 (21.7) | 44 (53) | 39 (47) | 0.961 (0.28-3.2) | 0.949 | |
| 4 | 68 (17.8) | 44 (64.7) | 24 (35.3) | 1 | ||
| Residence | Rural | 182 (47.5) | 139 (76.4) | 43 (23.6) | 5.41 (2.3-12.9) | 0.000∗∗ |
| Urban | 201 (52.5) | 100 (49.8) | 101 (50.2) | 1 | ||
| Family size | 2-4 | 45 (11.75) | 23 (51.1) | 22 (48.9) | 1.865 (0.5-6.31) | 0.316 |
| 5-7 | 191 (49.9) | 129 (67.5) | 62 (32.5) | 1.389 (0.61-3.1) | 0.429 | |
| 8-10 | 147 (38.38) | 87 (59.2) | 60 (40.8) | 1 | ||
| Family monthly income (ETB) | <800 | 163 (42.6) | 141 (86.5) | 22 (13.5) | 4.159 (1.25-13.76) | 0.02∗ |
| 800-2,000 | 170 (44.9) | 76 (44.7) | 94 (55.3) | 1.383 (0.4-4.17) | 0.585 | |
| >2.000 | 50 (13.1) | 22 (44) | 28 (56) | 1 | ||
| Father education | Primary school | 221 (57.7) | 157 (71.1) | 64 (28.9) | 1.229 (0.5-2.64) | 0.598 |
| Secondary school and above | 162 (42.3) | 82 (50.6) | 80 (49.4) | 1 | ||
| Mother education | Primary school | 347 (90.6) | 224 (64.5) | 123 (35.5) | 0.990 (0.22-4.35) | 0.990 |
| Secondary school and above | 36 (9.44) | 15 (41.7) | 21 (58.3) | 1 | ||
| Fathers' occupation | Farmer | 332 (86.7) | 208 (62.6) | 124 (37.4) | 0.624 (0.19-2.05) | 0.438 |
| Others | 51 (13.3) | 31 (60.78) | 20 (21.21) | 1 | ||
| Mothers' occupation | Housewife | 350 (91.4) | 229 (65.4) | 121 (34.6) | 1.88 (0.368-9.67) | 0.447 |
| Others | 33 (8.6) | 10 (30.3) | 23 (67.7) | 1 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Behavioral factors, hygienic practice, and environmental variables | ||||||
| Place of defecation | Open field | 148 (38.6) | 139 (93.9) | 9 (6.1) | 4.747 (1.82-12.37) | 0.001∗∗ |
| Latrine | 235 (59.8) | 100 (42.5) | 135 (47.5) | 1 | ||
| Source of drinking water | River | 149 (38.9) | 125 (83.9) | 24 (16.1) | 3.124 (1.325-7.36) | 0.009∗ |
| Well | 27 (7) | 22 (81.5) | 5 (18.5) | 2.054 (0.47-8.95) | 0.338 | |
| Tap | 207 (54) | 92 (44.4) | 115 (55.6) | 1 | ||
| Shoe-wearing habit | Always | 272 (66) | 143 (52.6) | 129 (47.4) | 1 | |
| Sometimes | 95 (24.8) | 84 (88.4) | 11 (11.6) | 6.889 (3.51-13.48) | 0.000∗∗ | |
| Not at all | 16 (4.2) | 12 (75) | 4 (25) | 2.706 (0.851-8.60) | .092 | |
| Habits of washing fruits and vegetables before eating | Always | 150 (21.4) | 74 (49.3) | 76 (50.7) | 1 | |
| Sometimes | 215 (56.1) | 152 (70.7) | 63 (29.3) | 1.993 (0.32-12.22) | 0.456 | |
| Not at all | 18 (4.7) | 15 (83.3) | 3 (16.7) | 1.77 (0.77-4.04) | 0.174 | |
| Hand washing habit after toilet use | Always | 163 (42.6) | 73 (44.8) | 90 (55.2) | 1 | |
| Sometimes | 207 (54) | 154 (74.4) | 53 (25.6) | 2.358 (1.047-5.31) | 0.038∗ | |
| Not at all | 13 (3.4) | 12 (92.3) | 1 (7.7) | 3.137 (0.19-49.61) | 0.417 | |
| Raw meat-eating habit | Frequent | 49 (13) | 37 (75.5) | 12 (24.5) | 1.127 (0.31-4.079) | 0.856 |
| Sometimes | 177 (28.7) | 110 (62.1) | 67 (37.9) | 0.470 (0.124-1.78) | 0.267 | |
| Not at all | 157 (41) | 94 (59.9) | 63 (40.1) | 1 | ||
| Ways of waste disposal | Burning | 141 (23.8) | 33 (23.4) | 108 (76.6) | 1 | |
| Burying | 91 (23.8) | 78 (85.7) | 13 (14.3) | 12.12 (4.24-34.62) | 0.000∗∗ | |
| Open dump | 151 (39.4) | 128 (84.8) | 23 (15.2) | 8.377 (3.55-19.75) | 0.000∗∗ | |
| Fingernail cleanliness@ | Clean | 256 (66.8) | 128 (50) | 128 (50) | 1 | |
| Not clean | 127 (33.2) | 111 (87.4) | 16 (12.6) | 4.2 (1.67-10.55) | 0.002∗ | |
Note: 1 = reference value; ∗∗statistically significant at p ≤ 0.001; ∗statistically significant at p < 0.05; AOR = adjusted odds ratio; multivariate regression model for grade level, family size, residence, family monthly income, father education, mother education, father occupation, mother occupation, place of defecation, source of drinking water, shoe-wearing habit, habit of eating unwashed fruits and vegetables, handwashing habit after toilet use, raw meat-eating habits, ways of waste disposal, and fingernails cleanliness for intestinal parasitic infections; @ = finger nail cleanliness was evaluated by observing whether nails are trimmed or not.