Fig. 3.
RSK4 promotes the invasive and metastatic activities of RCC cells. a qRT-PCR showed increased levels of RSK4 mRNA and protein (*P < 0.05). b RSK4-overexpressing ACHN cells showed elevated numbers of invasive and metastatic cells compared with the vector control cells (above, *P < 0.05 vs vector). When RSK4 was downregulated by shRNA, the number of invasive and metastatic cells was reduced (below, *P < 0.05 vs vector). c RSK4-overexpressing ACHN cells showed increased levels of CD44 and MMP-9; however, RSK4-suppressed cells had decreased levels of CD44 and MMP-9. Tubulin was used as a loading control. Moreover, RSK4-overexpressing ACHN cells showed increased levels of pGSK-3βSer9, β-catenin, rps6 and p-rps6, whereas in the opposite was observed for the RSK4-suppressed cells