Table 3.
Distribution of the main drugs suspected in 1096 cases of drug-induced liver disease.
| Etiology | N* | Causal agents (N) |
|---|---|---|
| Medications | 462 (42.15) | |
| Antimicrobial | 172 (15.69) | Moxifloxacin (7), levofloxacin (13), metronidazole (1), ornidazole (1), amoxicillin (1), sulbenicillin (2), flucloxacillin (2), piperacillin (3), aztreonam (2), cefotiam (2), cefoperazone (2), cefmenoxime (1), cefixime (1), azithromycin (2), clarithromycin (1), vancomycin (3), meropenem (2), teicoplanin (2), clindamycin (2), fluconazole (5), ketoconazole (2), voriconazole (12), zidovudine (1), isoniazid (30), rifampicin (23), pyrazinamide (22), ethambutol (22), albendazole (1), lamivudine (2), tenofovir (1), thalidomide (1) |
| Endocrine/immune system | 141 (12.86) | Hydrocortisone (13), methylprednisolone (10), dexamethasone (5), levothyroxine sodium (3), methimazole (4), propylthiouracil (8), insulin (2), metformin (12), progestin (5), gestrinone (1), methotrexate (23), leflunomide (14), tacrolimus (6), cyclosporine (7), colchicine (7), cyclophosphamide (9), azathioprine (4), allopurinol (5), cetirizine (1), ebastine (1), ketotifen (1) |
| Analgesic | 37 (3.38) | Acetaminophen (15), diclofenac (7), meloxicam (5), ibuprofen (3), celecoxib (4), ketoprofen (3) |
| Digestive system | 22 (2.01) | Omeprazole (6), lansoprazole (4), rabeprazole (3), sulfasalazine (4), mesalazine (1), diammonium glycyrrhizinate (3) |
| Cardiovascular/blood system | 21 (1.92) | Atorvastatin (9), simvastatin (5), edaravone (1), digoxin (1), amlodipine (2), hemocoagulase (2), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (1) |
| Mental/nervous system | 13 (1.19) | Paroxetine (2), olanzapine (1), flupenthixol (1), melitracen (1), carbamazepine (2), gabapentin (1), escitalopram (1), alprazolam (1), clonazepam (1), diazepam (2) |
| Antitumor | 33 (3.01) | Crizotinib (4), pemetrexed (4), gefitinib (4), dasatinib (2), irinotecan (2), cytarabine (4), daunorubicin (6), mitoxantrone (2), pegaspargase (5) |
| Others | 22 (2.01) | Cold medications (19), urografin (1), fat emulsion (2) |
| Herbs | 391 (35.68) | |
| Chinese patent medicine | 94 (8.58) | Sheng Fa granule (7), Bu Shen Yi Shou capsule (13), Compound Chen Xiang Wei tablet (2), Yang Fa Shen Xue capsule (4), San Huang tablet (1), Aplotaxis carminative pill (1), Xian Ling Gu Bao tablets (3), Bai Ling tablet (1), Gu Kang capsule (1), Teng Huang Jian Gu tablet (1), Pai Shi Li Dan tablet (2), Dan Lu Tong Du tablet (4), Xiao Ying granule (2), Ru Ning tablet (3), Xiao He tablet (13), Jie Gu Qi Li tablet (1), Xian Ling Gu Bao capsule (1), Bu Shen capsule (3), Hong Jin Xiao Jie capsule (1), Yi Qi Yang Xue oral solution (2), Lumbar pain capsule (1), Zheng Qing Feng Tong Ning tablet (1), Nei XiaoLuo Li pill (1), Xiao Yao granule (1), Liu Wei Di Huang pill (1), Bu Zhong Yi Qi pill (1), Gui Fu Di Huang pill (1), Jiu Wei Qiang Huo pill (1), Huo Ba Hua Gen tablet (1), Yin Shen Tong Luo capsule (1), She Xiang Bao Xin pill (3), Tong Zi Su Run Hong capsule (2), Ke Zhi capsule (1), Zu Shi Ma tablet (4), Bulleyaconitine A injection (3), Xue Shuan Xin capsule (1), Tripterygium glycosides tablet (1), Ge Tong Tong Luo capsule (1), He Wei Zhi Tong capsule (1), Zhi Bai Di Huang pill (1) |
| Chinese herbal medicine | 198 (18.07) | Prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine that consisted of two or more of the following herbs: polygonum multiflorum, atractylodes, gardenia, glycyrrhiza, rhubarb, virgate wormwood, poria, radix clematidis, leech, hypericum japonicum, semen plantaginis, lysimachia, angelica sinensis, ligusticum chuanxiong hort, saffron crocus, radix paeoniae alba, angelica root, salvia miltiorrhiza, lumbricus, radix sileris, phellodendron amurense, gallinaceous bone grass, chrysanthemum, schisandra chinensis, rhizoma cyperi, radix curcumae, bupleurum marginatum |
| Medicinal herbs or plants | 99 (9.03) | Powder, pill, water solution, medicinal liquor of the following herbs or plants: artemisia apiacea (4), folium ginkgo (2), polygonum multiflorum (49), lanatechead saussurea herb with flower (1), panax notoginseng (6), asiaticoside (2), purslane (1), honeysuckle (1), dandelion (1), dioscorea bulbifera (1), scutellariae barbatae (2), oldenlandia diffusa (2), paris polyphylla (2), donkey-hide gelatin (1), eucommia (2), gynostemma pentaphylla (1), cannabis (5), semen raphani (2), asparagus (1), scorpion (5), american ginseng (3), red ginseng (2), tripterygium hypoglaucum (3) |
| Health food or dietary supplement | 26 (2.37) | Weight-loss pills (2), health or sexual enhancement products (21), albumen powder (1), viaminate (1), calcium (1) |
| Combined | 189 (17.24) | Combinations of medications that work on different systems (79), or of medications and herbs (110) |
| Others | 28 (2.55) | Hair dye (3), toxic food (5), pesticide (12), etc. (8) |
*
Number (%).