Table 4.
Comparison of characteristics according to the etiology.
| Variable | Medications | Herbs | Health foods or dietary supplements | Combined | Others | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total numbers of DILI | 462 | 391 | 26 | 189 | 28 | |
| Age* | 44 (11, 87) | 49 (6, 79) | 53 (29, 79) | 50 (2, 86) | 51 (15, 80) | <0.001 |
| Male** | 238 (51.52) | 147 (37.6) | 69 (34.62) | 77 (40.74) | 12 (42.86) | <0.05 |
| Alcohol drinker** | 130 (28.14) | 113 (28.90) | 9 (34.62) | 40 (21.16) | 4 (14.29) | NS |
| Duration, daysI | ||||||
| Time from drug exposure to DILI recognition | 32 (1, 1825) | 30 (1, 1642) | 28 (3, 547) | 30 (1, 1460) | 24 (2, 547) | NS |
| Time from drug cessation to DILI recognition | 11 (0, 365) | 10 (0, 365) | 10 (1, 330) | 9 (0, 365) | 12 (1, 365) | NS |
| Duration of treatment | 13 (1, 97) | 14 (1, 81) | 16 (2, 41) | 13 (1, 84) | 10 (1, 42) | NS |
| Clinical characteristics** | ||||||
| Jaundice | 110 (23.81) | 306 (78.26) | 21 (80.77) | 120 (63.49) | 5 (17.86) | <0.001 |
| Skin rashes | 133 (28.79) | 53 (13.55) | 1 (3.85) | 72 (38.1) | 2 (7.14) | <0.001 |
| Encephalopathy | 32 (6.93) | 2 (0.51) | 0 | 14 (7.41) | 0 | <0.001 |
| Ascites | 26 (5.63) | 13 (3.32) | 0 | 13 (6.88) | 1 (3.57) | <0.05 |
| Laboratory findings* | ||||||
| AST, U/L | 84 (9, 3967) | 237 (16, 2363) | 337 (16, 1965) | 96 (12, 3790) | 275 (24, 1638) | <0.001 |
| ALT, U/L | 109 (5, 3298) | 325 (10, 2744) | 301 (12, 1688) | 118 (5, 9326) | 276 (12, 1820) | <0.001 |
| ALP, U/L | 131 (34, 2200) | 156 (41, 1165) | 129 (50, 1109) | 142 (37, 1314) | 160 (55, 760) | NS |
| GGT, U/L | 98 (7, 3583) | 147 (9, 2493) | 178 (12, 856) | 115 (10, 1262) | 180 (28, 635) | NS |
| TBIL, μmol/L | 14.5 (1.2, 585) | 87 (4, 728) | 96.7 (10.6, 401) | 16.8 (2.8, 633) | 26.8 (7.2, 535) | <0.001 |
| DBIL, μmol/L | 4.2 (0.4, 428) | 51.6 (0.3, 476) | 48.1 (2, 249) | 5.1 (0.3, 476) | 10.9 (1.2, 193) | <0.001 |
| TP, g/L | 68 (27, 366) | 69 (38.5, 169) | 70.4 (54.6, 94.5) | 66.2 (29, 93.9) | 70.4 (48.6, 96) | NS |
| ALB, g/L | 37.9 (10.8, 60.5) | 39 (22.8, 52.8) | 38.8 (19.9, 48.8) | 37.8 (11, 54.3) | 38 (18.8, 46.8) | NS |
| PT, s | 11.7 (9, 86.5) | 11.6 (7.6, 98.4) | 11.4 (10.1, 21.7) | 11.5 (8.3 47.9) | 11.3 (9.5, 35) | NS |
| INR | 1.01 (0.01, 26.7) | 0.99 (0.6, 133) | 0.99 (0.84, 1.82) | 0.99 (0.7, 4.17) | 0.97 (0.8, 1.42) | NS |
| PTA, % | 92 (5.6, 213) | 99 (0.84, 248) | 108 (34, 136) | 98 (16.5, 176) | 109 (54.5, 141) | NS |
| SCr, μmol/L | 61.8 (3.7, 533) | 59.2 (21, 327) | 65.4 (36.3, 167) | 63 (23.2, 368) | 68.5 (32, 411) | NS |
| Hy’s cases** | 58 (12.55) | 156 (39.9) | 9 (34.62) | 45 (23.81) | 4 (14.29) | <0.001 |
| R values | 2.28 (0.07, 117) | 5.25 (0.12, 80.4) | 5.7 (0.14, 34.5) | 2.42 (0.05, 224) | 4.19 (0.2, 1.27) | 0.001 |
*
Continuous variables are expressed as median values (range);
**
categorical variables are expressed as number (%).