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. 2019 Dec 24;71(6):1985–2004. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erz566

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© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Fig. 14. — Schematic depiction of the role of ethylene (ET) in regulating abscisic acid (ABA)/gibberellin (GA) balance and seedling growth in wheat. ET enhances seedling growth by inducing endospermic and non-endospermic (embryo axis, coleoptile, and root) GA level and sensitivity through expression of GA biosynthetic (TaGA20ox1 and TaGA3ox2) and/or catabolic (TaGA2ox6), and GA signaling (TaGAMYB) genes. Endospermic bioactive GA, which mainly comprises GA transported from non-endospermic tissues, induces storage starch degradation through enhancing the expression levels of specific α-amylase (TaAMY1, TaAMY3, and TaAMY4) and α-glucosidase (TaAGL1) genes and the activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, while GAs in non-endospermic tissues induce cell wall expansion via expression of specific α-expansin (TaEXPA3, and/or TaEXPA7, and/or TaEXPA9) genes. Furthermore, ET represses the ABA level and signaling in non-endospermic tissues via expression of ABA biosynthetic (TaNCED2), catabolic (TaCYP707A1), and ABA signaling (TaABI3 and/or TaABI5) genes, contributing to the induction cell wall expansion via expression of TaEXPA genes. ET does not affect radicle protrusion in wheat seeds.