Table 1.

Model input parameters. We denote JEV transmitted from vectors to pigs as “v → p”, and from pigs to humans as “p → h” respectively. Please see S.2.1 for more information of the initial proportions.

Parameters	Notations	Values	Ranges	Remarks/Units	Sources
Force of infection	λvp	-	time-dependent	v → p, per year	Eq. (3)
Latent period in pigs	${\sigma }_p^{-1}$	1.5	1–2	days	Kodama et al. (1968); Ricklin et al. (2016a)
Infection period in pigs	${\gamma }_p^{-1}$	3	2–4	days	Centers for Disease Control (2017); Kodama et al. (1968); Ricklin, Garcia-Nicolas, Brechbuhl, Python, Zumkehr, Nougairede, Charrel, Posthaus, Oevermann, Summerfield, 2016, Ricklin, Garcia-Nicolas, Brechbuhl, Python, Zumkehr, Posthaus, Oevermann, Summerfield, 2016; Williams et al. (2001)
Convalescent period in pigs	${\delta }_p^{-1}$	2.5	1–4	days	Ricklin et al. (2016a)
Proportion of infected among imported pigs	η	1.0%	0.43%–1.45%	pigs, Nil	Eq. (8)
Effective contact rate	βp	estimate	0.0–0.4	pigs, per days	Eq. (10)
Lifespan of pigs	${\nu }_p^{-1}$	234.0	234.0	days	Eq. (7)
Population size of pigs	Np	-	time-dependent	see Fig. 4	Hong Kong (2017); Legislative Council of Hong Kong, Legislative Council of Hong Kong; Scientific Committee on Vector-borne Diseases (2017); The Government of Hong Kong, Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD), The Government of Hong Kong, Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD)
Spill-over ratio	ρ	-	time-dependent	p → h, Nil	Eq. (5)
Initial proportion of susceptible	Sp0	estimate	45–75%	Nil	Center for Health Protection (2017); Konno (1969); Riley et al. (2007)
Initial proportion of exposed	Ep0	0.1%	–	Nil	assumed
Initial proportion of infectious	Ip0	0.1%	–	Nil	assumed
Initial proportion of convalescent	Cp0	0.1%	–	Nil	assumed
Initial proportion of recovered	Rp0	estimate	25–55%	Nil	Center for Health Protection (2017); Konno (1969); Riley et al. (2007)