Table 2.

Summary of management around calving and care of the newborn calves on the 100 visited farms

Variable	Category	Number of farms1		P-value
		Case	Control
Calving pen or box on farm	No	10	21
	Yes	40	29	0.02
If a calving pen or box is present:
Calving area used for diseased animals	No	6	7
	Yes	34	28	0.15
Bedding material in calving area	Straw	38	29
	Rubber mattress	2	0	0.65
Cleaning of calving area after each use	No	12	30
	Yes	8	5	0.03
Cow-calf separation postpartum	Immediately	35	41
	Within 24 h postpartum	12	8	0.29
	Later than 24 h postpartum	3	1	0.58
First colostrum feeding	Within 6 h postpartum	50	49
	Later than 6 h postpartum	1	0	1.00
Colostrum quantity within first 6 h postpartum	>3 L	42	45
	1 to 3 L	8	5	0.55
Route of first colostrum feeding	Suckle dam	5	2
	Bucket	45	48	0.44
	Esophageal feeder	0	0
Checking colostrum quality	No	49	50
	Yes	1	0	1.00
Frozen colostrum stock	No	16	13
	Yes	34	37	0.73
Dam vaccination prepartum (against rotavirus, coronavirus, and different Escherichia coli)	No	39	44
	Yes	11	6	0.19
Umbilical care	No	22	12
	Yes	26	36	0.06
	Variable	2	2

¹Case farms are farms with the presence of diarrhea; control farms are farms without calf diarrhea.