Table 2.
Studies that investigated viral infection in exacerbated asthmatic children included in the literature review.
| Author, year, country | n | Age | Control | Collection time | Collection and identification methods | Total detection | More frequently identified virus | Other identified viruses | Observations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Khetsuriani et al., 2007,28 USA |
65 cases 77 controls |
≥ 2 years | Stable asthma | March/2003 to February/2004 | Nasopharyngeal swab PCR (RT-PCR) for hRV |
37% | hRV (37% of total, with 60% in cases and 18% in controls) | Not researched | Association of asthma exacerbation with hRV infection genogroup C |
| Lopez Perez et al., 2009,22 Mexico |
100 cases 68 controls |
2 to 17 years | Wheezers | Winter (April to June) | Swab DIF |
Identification in 75% of cases and 44% of controls | FLUVA and hRSV in wheezers; hAdV, FLUVB and PF in asthma patients | hRSV, hAdV, FLUV | Co-detection in 17% |
| Olenec et al., 2010,30 Korea |
58 cases | 6 to 8 years | No | April and September/2006, 2007 and 2008 (501 collected samples) |
NPA multiplex PCR; hRV sequencing |
hRV (72 to 99%) hRV C in 16 cases |
hRSV A and B, PF 1-4, hAdV, hCoV, enterovirus and hMPV, hBoV. | Virus associated with greater severity and duration; interaction between allergic sensitization and virus | |
| Bizzintino et al., 2011,4 Australia |
128 cases | 2 to 16 years | No | April/2003 to February/2010 | NPA or swab DIF and multiplex PCR (18 primers) - nine viruses Characterization of hRV (types) |
92.2% | hRV (87.5%) | hRSV, hAdV, FLUVA and B, PIV1-4, hMPV, hEV, hCoV and hBoV | hRV C was detected in most children with acute asthma (59.4%) and associated to severity |
| Miller et al., 2009,29 USA |
1,052 cases | ≤ 5 years | No | October/2001 to September/2003 | NPA and swab PCR and sequencing for hRV |
hRV (15.9%) | Not studied | hRV type C associated to asthma exacerbation | |
| Chang et al., 2009,32 Austrália |
201 cases | 2 to 15 years | No | March/2005 to February/2007 | NPA PCR multiplex |
53.8% | hRV (41%) | hRSV, hAdV, FLUV, PIV, hMPV | Co-detection in ten cases No difference in evolution for deferment viruses. |
| Ozcan et al., 2011,25 Turkey |
104 cases 31 controls |
3 to 17 yeras | Stable Asthma patients | 12 months: September/2009 to September/2010 | Swab Real-time PCR |
53.8% | hRV (35.6%) | FLUVA e B, PIV 1-4, hCoV, hRSV, hRV, hMPV and hAdV | |
| Camara et al., 2004,43 Brazil |
132 cases 65 controls |
0 to 12 years | Non-asthma patients | October/1998 to June/2000 | NPA Immunofluorescence (IIF); culture for hAdV and RT-PCR for hRV and hCoV |
Cases (60.8%) Controls (13.3%) |
RSV in those younger than 2 years hRV and hAdV in those older than 2 years |
hRSV, FLUV, PIV hAdV, hCoV |
There was no association between virus detection and wheezing. Allergic sensitization more associated with exacerbation. |
| Kato et al., 2011,26 Japan |
174 cases 93 controls |
Median 4.7 years |
Stable Asthma patients Non-asthma patients |
November/2003 to October/2003 | NPA Kit detection of antigens and RT-PCR |
79% | hRV (33.9%) | hRSV, hAdV, FLUV and PIV hEV |
IL1, 5, 6, 10 and ECP were higher in exacerbation than in controls |
| Rawlinson et al., 2003,19 Australia |
179 cases 79 controls |
1 month to 16 years | Stable Asthma patients Non-asthma patients with URTI |
Winter, spring and summer of 2000 to 2002 | NPA DIF PCR for hRV and hMPV Culture for virus |
hRV (50% in total: 79% in cases and 17% in controls) | hAdV, FLUVA e B, hRSV, PIV3 | Co-infection was common especially in winter and by hRSV | |
| Fujitsuka et al., 2011,23 Japan |
115 | Mean 20.8 months | No | November/2007 to March/2009 | Swab PCR |
86.1% | hRV (31.3%) | hRSV, hAdV, PIV, FLUV, hMPV, hRV, hBoV, hEV | - |
| Dawood et al., 2011,27 USA |
701 asthma patients in 2,165 cases of influenza | 2 to 17 years | No | 2003 to 2009 | Swab FLUVA, B, H1N1 |
- | Only Influenza was screened | Not screened | Of the children hospitalized with influenza in 2003, 32% and in 2009, 44% were asthmatics. More complications with Influenza A |
| Leung et al., 2010,31 China |
209 cases 77 controls |
3 to 18 years | Stable Asthma patients |
12 months January/2007 to February/2008 |
NPA or swab multiplex PCR |
51% | hRV | hRSV, hAdV, PIV, FluV, hMPV, hRV, hBoV, hEV | No agent was correlated with severity |
| Thumerelle et al., 2003,24 France |
82 cases 27 controls |
2 a 16 years | Stable Asthma patients |
9 months October/1998 to June/1999 |
Swab IIF and PCR |
Asthma patients (45%) and controls (3.7%) | hRV (12%) | FLUVA and B; PIV1-3; hAdV;RSV; hCoV Mycoplasma and chlamydia |
Serology 7.4% Atypical 10% |
| Maffey et al., 2010,21 Argentina |
209 cases | 3 months to 16 years | No | 12 months January/2006 to December/2006 |
NPA or swab IIF and PCR |
78% | RSV and hRV | hRSV, hAdV PIV1-3, FLUVA e B) hEV, hMPV, hBoV, mycoplasma and chlamydia |
Co-detection in 20%, Seasonal circulation: three peaks: start of October (hRV); winter (hRSV) and spring (hSV, hRV and hMPV) |
| Mandelcwajg et al., 2010,20 France |
232 cases 107 controls |
1.5 to 15 years | Exacerbated asthma patients Non-hospitalized |
2005 to 2009 November to March |
NPA DIF and PCR |
47% (hospitalized) 31% (non- hospitalized) |
hBoV and RSV | FLUVA and B, hAdV, PIV-3, hMPV | hRV not screened |
NPA, nasopharyngeal aspirate; IIF, indirect immunofluorescence; DIF, direct immunofluorescence; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; RT-PCR, real-time polymerase chain reaction; hRV, rhinovirus; hAdV, adenovirus; hRSV, respiratory syncytial virus; FLUV, Influenza; FLUVA, Influenza A; FLUVB, Influenza B; PIV1, Parainfluenza 1; PIV2, Parainfluenza 2; PIV3, Parainfluenza 3; hCoV, coronavirus; hMPV, metapneumovirus; hBoV, Human Bocavirus-infection; hEV, Hepatitis E vírus; ECP, eosinophil cationic protein; URTI, upper respiratory tract infection.