. 2016 Sep 9;943:17–40. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.08.049

Table 4.

Other fiber optic and planar waveguide fluorescence biosensors.

Analyte(s)	Material	Sensor platform	Scheme	LOD	Analytical performance	Ref.
Glucose	Natural Receptors Glucose/Galactose binding protein-Badan conjugate (GBP-Badan) attached to either polystyrene or agarose beads via oligo His-Tag.	• Direct assay format. • Multimode optical fiber coupled to a porous chamber containing beads. • Imaging microscopy and pulsed laser excitation.	FLT TC-SPC	100 mM	K_d = 13 mM (agarose) K_d = 20 mM (polystyrene)	[182]
OPs	Genetically Engineering Whole Cells OPH and EGFP co-displaying yeast.	• Indirect assay format. • Fluorescence Quenching of EGFP by vicinity pH changes related to the OPH activity in the presence of Ops. • The optical waveguide core consisted of doped sol-gel (zirconium and silica) at pH 9.0.	PW	–	0.02–20 mM of paraoxon Stability at least a month at 4 °C	[222]
Cocaine	MIPs FITC-MIP.	• Direct Assay. • Fluorescent MIP based on FITC moiety covalently attached to the distal end of a optical fiber.	FI	–	0–500 μM	[223]
BoNT serotype A light chain protease (LcA)	Natural Receptors LcA peptide substrate sequence labelled with 6His-Tag and Cy3.	• FRET based proteolytic assays utilizing either direct (1. Cy3-LcA-6His-Tag and QD assembly, 2. LcAProteolysis) or indirect (1. LcA proteolysis, 2. Residue-LcA-6His-Tagand QD assembly).	FI-FRET	350 pM	–	[185]
Theophylline	Genetically Engineering Whole Cell Theophylline-sensitive riboswitch (TSR) placed upstream of the TEV protease coding sequence.	• FRET-based fusion protein was composed of eGFP and YFP mutant connected with a peptide linker containing a TEV protease cleavage site. • Addition of theophylline to the E. coli cells activates the riboswitch and initiates the translation of mRNA. • Synthesized protease cleaves the linker in the causing a change in the fluorescence signal. • Biorecogntion element at the distal end of a fiber optic cable.	FI-FRET	–	11-fold increase in cellular extract fluorescence in the presence of theophylline Dynamic range: 0.01–2.5 mM	[224]
Triazines: simazine, atrazine, propazine, terbuthylazine; Urea based herbicides: linuron	Whole Cell Three microalgal species (Dictyosphaeriumchlorelloides (D.c.), Scenedesmusintermedius (S.i.) and Scenedesmus sp. (S.s.) were encapsulated in silicate sol–gel matrices.	• Direct assay format. • Photosynthesis inhibition at Photosystem II of combined use of wild type and resistant algae. • Monitoring of the fluorescence signal of chlorophyll. λ _exc = 467 nm and λ _em = t 699 nm (D.c. and S.s. algae) or λ _em = 702 nm (S.i.). • Sensing membranes placed at the tip of a bifurcated fiber-optic cable (1 m long) in a homemade flow through cell.	FI	Simazine (3.6 μg L⁻¹), atrazine (13.5 μg L⁻¹), propazine (7.6 μg L⁻¹), terbuthylazine (3.3 μg L⁻¹), linuron (4.1 μg L⁻¹)	Dynamic range: Simazine (19–860 μg L⁻¹), atrazine (28–282 μg L⁻¹), propazine (20–540 μg L⁻¹), terbuthylazine (6–55 μg L⁻¹), linuron (9–149 μg L⁻¹). Stability: 3 weeks	[169]
EA2192, VX, sarin and soman	MIPs Thin films coated onto chemically tapped optical fiber.	• Fluorescent functional moiety incorporated into the polymer matrix (RE ion). • Polymer composition: Vinyl benzoate, Eu3+, divinylbenzene, styrene. • Tap water and desalted water.	FI	EA2192 (11 ppt), Sarin (24 ppt), Soman (33 ppt), VX (21 ppt)	Linear dynamic ranges: ppt-ppm 15 min sensor response	[225]
Pathogenic bacterium sources of HAI	Bacteriophage RB encoding GFP genomic sequence	• Fiber optic cable detecting the presence of infected PBac that expresses GFP. • The sensing process has several steps: o RB-pathogen binding in vivo environment. o Transferring genetic material from RB to pathogen and expressing the GFP from PBac. o Signal detection through fiber optical cable. o Determination of the presence, or amount, of the pathogenic bacterium in the in vivo environment.	FI	–	–	[226]
Heavy metals	Genetically Engineering Whole Cell Cellulose nitrate membrane with recombinant GFP - E. coli immobilized.	• Fiber optic cable detecting fluorescence by facing the probe's distal end directly to the microbial membrane. • A layer of Ca-alginate gel formed over the GFP E. coli immobilized. • Fluorescence excitation at λ _exc = 400 ± 2 nm and λ _em = 485 ± 2 nm. • Sensor response measured at room temperature and 2 min after the initiation of the biochemical reaction.	FI	Cu(II) (0.04 μg L⁻¹); Cd(II) (0.32 μg L⁻¹); Pb(II) (0.46 μg L⁻¹); Zn(II) (2.80 μg L⁻¹); Cr(VI) (100 μg L⁻¹); Co(II) (250 μg L⁻¹); Ni(II) (400 μg L⁻¹); Ag(I) (720 μg L⁻¹); Fe(III) (2600 μg L⁻¹).	Dynamic range: Cu(II) (0.05–1 μg L⁻¹); Cd(II) (0.50–10 μg L⁻¹); Pb(II) (0.70–20 μg L⁻¹); Zn(II) (5–100 μg L⁻¹); Cr(VI) (0.10–5 mg L⁻¹); Co(II) (0.50–7 mg L⁻¹); Ni(II) (0.70–10 mg L⁻¹); Ag(I) (1.00–20 mg L⁻¹); Fe(III) (5.00–70 mg L⁻¹). Sensor response stable for at least five weeks.	[173]
Bisphenol A (BPA)	MIPs Thin films on the flow cell, in contact with an optical fiber.	• MIP film with thickness of less than 5 μm. • A 2.0 μL flow cell is formed among the optical fiber and a capillary. • The detector (photomultiplier) is located in parallel to the optical fiber.axis. • Maximum fluorescence intensity at pH 8.	EW	1.7 μg L⁻¹	Dynamic range: 0.003–5 mg L⁻¹	[227]