Table 2.
General Characteristics of the Patients Between Survivors and Deaths in All 401 Cases*
| Characteristics | Survivors (n = 376) | Deaths (n = 25) | Statistics | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 33.44 ± 12.10 | 54.20 ± 15.64 | Z = − 6.079† | 0.000 |
| Male/female gender, No. | 116/260 | 13/12 | χ2(1) = 4.805‡ | 0.028 |
| Patients receiving steroids | 250 (66.49) | 18 (72) | χ2(1) = 03.21‡ | 0.571 |
| Median (IQR) of accumulative dose, mg | 1,723.60 (2,000) | 3,874.42 (5,920) | Z = − 2.488† | 0.011 |
| Median (IQR) of mean daily dose, mg | 122.95 (95.57) | 248.91 (198.33) | Z = − 2.701† | 0.007 |
| Use of invasive ventilation | 16 (4.26) | 21 (84.00) | Fisher exact test | 0.000 |
| Median (IQR) of time from onset to hospitalization, d | 3 (3) | 4 (4) | Z = −2.213† | 0.027 |
| Time of initiation of corticosteroid therapy, d from the onset of SARS | 5.00 ± 3.52 | 5.04 ± 3.12 | Z = −0.048† | 0.961 |
| Temperature, °C | 38.50 ± 0.95 | 39.05 ± 0.57 | t(399) = − 4.452§ | 0.000 |
| Duration of fever, d | 11.56 ± 2.89 | 13.76 ± 3.09 | t(399) = − 3.668§ | 0.000 |
| Myalgia | 119 (31.65) | 6 (24.00) | χ2(1) = 0.639‡ | 0.424 |
| Cough and expectoration | 87 (23.14) | 11 (44.00) | χ2(1) = 5.525‡ | 0.019 |
| Dyspnea | 126 (33.51) | 14 (56.00) | χ2(1) = 5.217‡ | 0.022 |
| Respiratory rate | 24.96 ± 5.65 | 32.40 ± 5.53 | Z = − 6.242† | 0.000 |
| Peripheral counts of WBCs, × 109/L | 6.96 ± 3.99 | 8.92 ± 3.63 | Z= − 2.231† | 0.025 |
| Neutrophils/WBCs | 0.61 ± 0.16 | 0.72 ± 0.17 | t(399) = − 4.314§ | 0.002 |
| Lymphocytes, × 109/L | 0.19 ± 0.10 | 0.15 ± 0.09 | Z = − 1.678† | 0.093 |
| Serum lactate dehydrogenase, IU/L | 243.22 ± 117.42 | 391.86 ± 238.85 | Z = − 4.174† | 0.000 |
| Peripheral oxygen saturation, % | 96.23 ± 2.91 | 94.78 ± 4.53 | Z = − 2.120† | 0.034 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 99.08 ± 11.81 | 127.24 ± 17.60 | Z = − 6.806† | 0.000 |
| Pao2, mm Hg | 101.57 ± 32.15 | 76.97 ± 28.29 | Z = − 2.692† | 0.007 |
| Paco2, mm Hg | 32.90 ± 5.99 | 27.14 ± 10.87 | t(399) = 3.688§ | 0.000 |
| Inhaled oxygen concentration | 0.33 ± 0.10 | 0.53 ± 0.22 | Z = −3.304† | 0.001 |
| Tendency of chest radiograph abnormalities | ||||
| 1 (deteriorating) | 357 (94.95) | 25 (100) | Fisher exact test | 0.663 |
| 2 (stable) | 17 (4.52) | 0 (0) | ||
| 3 (improving) | 2 (0.53) | 0 (0) | ||
| Rigor at onset | 175 (46.54) | 19 (76.00) | χ2(1) = 8.145‡ | 0.004 |
| Pulmonary rales | 97 (28.87) | 15 (60.00) | χ2(1) = 13.623‡ | 0.000 |
| OI grading | 5 (1.33) | 5 (20.00) | Fisher exact test | 0.000 |
| 1, < 100 | 45 (11.97) | 6 (24.00) | ||
| 2, ≥ 100 to < 200 | 77 (20.48) | 14 (56.00) | ||
| 3, ≥ 200 to < 300 | 249 (66.22) | 0 (0) | ||
| 4, ≥ 300 | ||||
| Underlying disease∥ | 76 (20.21) | 13 (52.00) | χ2(1) = 13.716‡ | 0.000 |
| Complications¶ | 179 (47.61) | 23 (92.00) | χ2(1) = 18.480‡ | 0.000 |
| Pneumothorax | 4 (1.06) | 2 (8.00) | Fisher exact test | 0.048 |
| Mediastinal emphysema | 9 (2.39) | 5 (20.00) | Fisher exact test | 0.001 |
| Shock | 0 (0) | 8 (32.00) | Fisher exact test | 0.000 |
| Disseminated intravascular coagulation | 1 (0.27) | 9 (36.00) | Fisher exact test | 0.000 |
| Renal dysfunction# | 10 (2.66) | 9 (36.00) | Fisher exact test | 0.000 |
| Liver dysfunction** | 108 (28.72) | 13 (52.00) | χ2(1) = 6.028‡ | 0.014 |
| Myocardial injury†† | 15 (3.99) | 17 (68.00) | Fisher exact test | 0.000 |
| Arrhythmias | 9 (2.39) | 6 (24.00) | Fisher exact test | 0.000 |
| Pulmonary infection | 21 (5.59) | 20 (80.00) | Fisher exact test | 0.000 |
| Extrapulmonary infection | 2 (0.53) | 3 (12.00) | Fisher exact test | 0.002 |
| Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome | 2 (0.53) | 9 (36.00) | Fisher exact test | 0.000 |
| GI hemorrhage | 2 (0.53) | 7 (28.00) | Fisher exact test | 0.000 |
| Others | 1 (0.27%) | 0 (0.00%) | Fisher exact test | 1.000 |
*
Data are presented as mean ± SD or No. (%) unless otherwise indicated. See Table 1 for expansion of abbreviation.
†
Mann-Whitney U nonparametric test.
‡
χ2(degree of freedom).
§
t Test (degree of freedom).
∥
Any chronic disease before the onset of SARS, such as diabetes, hypertension, and COPD.
¶
Includes pneumothorax, mediastinal emphysema, myocardial injury, arrhythmias, hyperglycemia, high BP, hypokalemia, secondary lower respiratory or extrapulmonary infections, and GI tract hemorrhage.
#
Elevated BUN or creating above the normal upper limits.
**
Serum alanine aminotransferase increased by ≥ 100% or development of jaundice.
††
Creatinine kinase-MB activity increased by ≥ 100%.