Table 1. Characteristics of total sample and participants with normala, pre-diabeticb, and diabeticc blood glucose levels at Wave 1.
(N = 1,174): n (%).
| Wave 1 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N = 1,174 |
Normala n = 867 (74) |
Pre-diabeticb n = 191 (16) |
Diabeticc n = 116 (10) |
P-valuesd | |||
| Sex | A | B | C | ||||
| Female | 895 (76) | 683 (76) | 122 (14) | 90 (10) | <0.001 | 0.769 | 0.012 |
| Male | 279 (24) | 184 (66) | 69 (25) | 26 (9) | |||
| Age | |||||||
| ≤ 44 years | 455 (39) | 392 (86) | 47 (10) | 16 (4) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| 45–59 years | 484 (41) | 323 (67) | 107 (21) | 54 (12) | |||
| ≥ 60 years | 235 (20) | 152 (64) | 37 (16) | 46 (20) | |||
| Education status | |||||||
| ≤ High school | 428 (36) | 278 (65) | 80 (19) | 70 (16) | 0.009 | <0.001 | 0.002 |
| > High school | 746 (64) | 589 (79) | 111 (15) | 46 (6) | |||
| BMIe | |||||||
| Normal | 436 (37) | 372 (85) | 41 (10) | 23 (5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.412 |
| Overweight | 499 (43) | 361 (72) | 90 (18) | 48 (10) | |||
| Obese | 239 (20) | 134 (56) | 60 (25) | 45 (19) | |||
| Metabolic syndrome (MS)f | |||||||
| No | 607 (52) | 511 (84) | 65 (11) | 31 (5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.181 |
| Yes | 567 (48) | 356 (63) | 126 (22) | 85 (15) | |||
| Number of MS components | |||||||
| None or one | 219 (19) | 193 (88) | 18 (8) | 8 (4) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.086 |
| Two | 388 (33) | 318 (82) | 47 (12) | 23 (6) | |||
| Three | 403 (34) | 268 (67) | 88 (22) | 47 (12) | |||
| Four | 164 (14) | 88 (54) | 38 (23) | 38 (23) | |||
| Elevated ALTg | |||||||
| No | 958 (82) | 739 (77) | 135 (14) | 84 (9) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.745 |
| Yes | 216 (18) | 128 (59) | 56 (26) | 32 (15) | |||
| Alcoholh | |||||||
| Non-drinker/ Moderate | 993 (85) | 741 (75) | 152 (15) | 100 (10) | 0.042 | 0.831 | 0.142 |
| Heavy/ Binge | 181 (15) | 126 (70) | 39 (21) | 16 (9) | |||
| Leisure physical activity level | |||||||
| ≤30 minutes/day | 827 (70) | 603 (73) | 140 (17) | 84 (10) | 0.305 | 0.528 | 0.866 |
| >30 minutes/day | 347 (30) | 264 (76) | 51 (15) | 32 (9) | |||
| Waist Circumferencei | |||||||
| Normal | 227 (19) | 203 (89) | 16 (7) | 8 (4) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.639 |
| Elevated | 947 (81) | 664 (70) | 175 (19) | 108 (11) | |||
| Uric Acidj | |||||||
| Normal | 922 (79) | 700 (76) | 133 (14) | 89 (10) | 0.001 | 0.308 | 0.178 |
| Elevated | 252 (21) | 167 (66) | 58 (23) | 27 (11) | |||
| Average daily calories | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 2,103 (867) | 2,115 (882) | 2,085 (857) | 2,035 (762) | 0.666 | 0.359 | 0.614 |
a Normal blood glucose was defined as a fasting plasma glucose less than 100 mg/dL.
b Pre-diabetes was defined as a fasting plasma glucose level between 100 and 125 mg/ dL.
c Diabetes was defined as a self-reported medical history of diabetes, current use of diabetes medications, and/or a fasting plasma glucose level ≥ 126 mg/ dL.
d P-value was computed using the Chi-square test. (A) p-value compares normal and pre-diabetic individuals, (B) p-value compares normal and diabetic individuals, (C) p-value compares pre-diabetic and diabetic individuals.
e Body mass index (BMI) was defined as normal <25 kg/m2, overweight between 25- <30 kg/m2, or obese ≥ 30 kg/m2.
f Metabolic Syndrome was defined based on the 2009 Criteria for Clinical Diagnosis of the Metabolic Syndrome reported by Alberti et al [62], but we excluded glucose as one of the components.
g Elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was defined as ALT > 40 IU/L for males and females.
h Alcohol intake was defined as follows: nondrinkers- no history of drinking, moderate- ≤1 drink a day for females and ≤ 2 drinks per day for males, heavy- 2–4 drinks per day for females and 3–4 for males, binge- ≥5 drinks per day for females and males.
i Elevated waist circumference is defined as ≥ 80 cm for females and ≥ 90 cm for males [62].
j Uric acid levels ≥ 7.0 mg/dL for males and ≥ 5.7 mg/dL for females are considered normal.